Mathematics

Mathematics (from Greek μάθημα máthēma "knowledge, study, learning") is the science of structure, order, and relation that has evolved from elemental practices of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of objects. It deals with logical reasoning and quantitative calculation.

Definition

Mathematics is the study of quantity, space, structure, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns and formulate new conjectures. Mathematicians resolve the truth or falsity of conjectures by mathematical proof. The research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or even centuries of sustained inquiry. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) said:

The universe cannot be read until we have learned the language and become familiar with the characters in which it is written. It is written in mathematical language, and the letters are triangles, circles and other geometrical figures, without which means it is humanly impossible to comprehend a single word. Without these, one is wandering about in a dark labyrinth.

German mathematician and physicist Johann Carl Friedrich Gauß (1777–1855; de) is referred to as the Princeps mathematicorum, Latin for '"Prince of Mathematicians"' () and "the greatest mathematician since antiquity".

Since the work of Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932), David Hilbert (1862-1943), and others on axiomatic systems in the late 19th century, it has become customary to view mathematical research as establishing truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions. When those mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena, then mathematical reasoning often provides insight or predictions.

Through the use of abstraction and logical reasoning, mathematics developed from counting, calculation, measurement, and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects. Practical mathematics has been a human activity for as far back as written records exist. Rigorous arguments first appeared in Greek mathematics, most notably in Euclid's Elements. Mathematics developed at a relatively slow pace until the Renaissance, when mathematical innovations interacting with new scientific discoveries led to a rapid increase in the rate of mathematical discovery that continues to the present day.

Benjamin Peirce (1809-1880) called mathematics "the science that draws necessary conclusions". David Hilbert said of mathematics:

"We are not speaking here of arbitrariness in any sense. Mathematics is not like a game whose tasks are determined by arbitrarily stipulated rules. Rather, it is a conceptual system possessing internal necessity that can only be so and by no means otherwise."

Mathematics is used throughout the world as an essential tool in many fields, including natural science, engineering, medicine, and the social sciences. Applied mathematics, the branch of mathematics concerned with application of mathematical knowledge to other fields, inspires and makes use of new mathematical discoveries and sometimes leads to the development of entirely new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics and game theory. Mathematicians also engage in pure mathematics, or mathematics for its own sake, without having any application in mind. There is no clear line separating pure and applied mathematics, and practical applications for what began as pure mathematics are often discovered.

See also

• Intelligence quotient
• Race and intelligence: The genetics or not debate

External links

• The Mathematical Association Of America Defiles The Altar Of Math - In association with the Great Awokening.
• Squeezed to Zero: How the Woke and the Chinese are Destroying Academic Mathematics
• Oregon Promotes Teacher Program That Seeks to Undo ‘Racism in Mathematics’

Encyclopedias

• Encyclopedia Britannica: Mathematics
• Encyclopedia.com: Mathematics