Josip Broz Tito
| Josip Broz Tito Јосип Броз Тито | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| File:431px-Josip Broz Tito uniform portrait.jpg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dictator Tito | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| headerstyle = background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em; | datastyle = border-bottom:none | header1 = | header2 = | data3 = | header4 = | header5 = | header6 = | header7 = | header8 = President of Yugoslavia | header9 = | header10 = | header11 = | header12 = | header13 = | header14 = | header15 = | header16 = | header17 = | header18 = | data19 = | data20 = | data21 = In office Template:En dash range |
data22 =
}}{{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child=yes |
labelstyle = text-align:left | label1 = Nominated by | data1 = | label2 = Appointed by | data2 = | label3 = Monarch | data3 = | label4 = President | data4 = | label5 = Governor-General | data5 = | label6 = Prime Minister | data6 = See list
Himself (1953–1963)
Petar Stambolić (1963–1967) Mika Špiljak (1967–1969) Mitja Ribičič (1969–1971) Džemal Bijedić (1971–1977) Veselin Đuranović (1977–1980) |
label7 = Chancellor | data7 = | label8 = Minister | data8 = | label9 = Taoiseach | data9 = | label10 = First Minister | data10 = | label11 = Chief Minister | data11 = | label12 = Premier | data12 = | label13 = Governor | data13 = | label14 = Lieutenant Governor | data14 = | label15 = Vice President | data15 = See list
Aleksandar Ranković (1963–1966)
Koča Popović (1966–1967) Krste Crvenkovski (1971–1972) Ratomir Dugonjić (1972–1973) Mitja Ribičič (1973–1974) Petar Stambolić (1974–1975) Vladimir Bakarić (1975–1976) Vidoje Žarković (1976–1977) Stevan Doronjski (1977–1978) Fadil Hoxha (1978–1979) Lazar Koliševski (1979–1980) |
label16 = Vice Governor | data16 = | label17 = Vice PM | data17 = | label18 = Vice Premier | data18 = | label19 = Deputy | data19 = | label20 = Leader | data20 = | label21 = Lieutenant | data21 = | label22 = | data22 = | label23 = | data23 = | label24 = | data24 = | label25 = | data25 = | label26 = | data26 = | label27 = | data27 = | label28 = Running mate | data28 = | label29 = Opponent(s) | data29 = | label30 = Incumbent | data30 = | label31 = Preceding | data31 = | label32 = Preceded by | data32 = Ivan Ribar (as President of the Presidency of the People's Assembly) |
label33 = Succeeded by | data33 = Lazar Koliševski (as President of the presidency) |
label34 = Parliamentary group | data34 = | label35 = Constituency | data35 = | label36 = Majority | data36 =
}} {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child=yes|decat=yes |
headerstyle = background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em; | datastyle = border-bottom:none | header1 = | header2 = | data3 = | header4 = | header5 = | header6 = | header7 = | header8 = 19th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia | header9 = | header10 = | header11 = | header12 = | header13 = | header14 = | header15 = | header16 = | header17 = | header18 = | data19 = | data20 = | data21 = In office Template:En dash range |
data22 =
}}{{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child=yes |
labelstyle = text-align:left | label1 = Nominated by | data1 = | label2 = Appointed by | data2 = | label3 = Monarch | data3 = | label4 = President | data4 = Ivan Ribar Himself (from 1953) |
label5 = Governor-General | data5 = | label6 = Prime Minister | data6 = | label7 = Chancellor | data7 = | label8 = Minister | data8 = | label9 = Taoiseach | data9 = | label10 = First Minister | data10 = | label11 = Chief Minister | data11 = | label12 = Premier | data12 = | label13 = Governor | data13 = | label14 = Lieutenant Governor | data14 = | label15 = Vice President | data15 = | label16 = Vice Governor | data16 = | label17 = Vice PM | data17 = | label18 = Vice Premier | data18 = | label19 = Deputy | data19 = | label20 = Leader | data20 = | label21 = Lieutenant | data21 = | label22 = | data22 = | label23 = | data23 = | label24 = | data24 = | label25 = | data25 = | label26 = | data26 = | label27 = | data27 = | label28 = Running mate | data28 = | label29 = Opponent(s) | data29 = | label30 = Incumbent | data30 = | label31 = Preceding | data31 = | label32 = Preceded by | data32 = Ivan Šubašić | label33 = Succeeded by | data33 = Petar Stambolić | label34 = Parliamentary group | data34 = | label35 = Constituency | data35 = | label36 = Majority | data36 =
}} {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child=yes|decat=yes |
headerstyle = background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em; | datastyle = border-bottom:none | header1 = | header2 = | data3 = | header4 = | header5 = | header6 = | header7 = | header8 = 1st Federal Secretary of People's Defence of Yugoslavia | header9 = | header10 = | header11 = | header12 = | header13 = | header14 = | header15 = | header16 = | header17 = | header18 = | data19 = | data20 = | data21 = In office Template:En dash range |
data22 =
}}{{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child=yes |
labelstyle = text-align:left | label1 = Nominated by | data1 = | label2 = Appointed by | data2 = | label3 = Monarch | data3 = | label4 = President | data4 = | label5 = Governor-General | data5 = | label6 = Prime Minister | data6 = | label7 = Chancellor | data7 = | label8 = Minister | data8 = | label9 = Taoiseach | data9 = | label10 = First Minister | data10 = | label11 = Chief Minister | data11 = | label12 = Premier | data12 = | label13 = Governor | data13 = | label14 = Lieutenant Governor | data14 = | label15 = Vice President | data15 = | label16 = Vice Governor | data16 = | label17 = Vice PM | data17 = | label18 = Vice Premier | data18 = | label19 = Deputy | data19 = | label20 = Leader | data20 = | label21 = Lieutenant | data21 = | label22 = | data22 = | label23 = | data23 = | label24 = | data24 = | label25 = | data25 = | label26 = | data26 = | label27 = | data27 = | label28 = Running mate | data28 = | label29 = Opponent(s) | data29 = | label30 = Incumbent | data30 = | label31 = Preceding | data31 = | label32 = Preceded by | data32 = Office established | label33 = Succeeded by | data33 = Ivan Gošnjak | label34 = Parliamentary group | data34 = | label35 = Constituency | data35 = | label36 = Majority | data36 =
}} {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child=yes|decat=yes |
headerstyle = background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em; | datastyle = border-bottom:none | header1 = | header2 = | data3 = | header4 = | header5 = | header6 = | header7 = | header8 = 1st Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement | header9 = | header10 = | header11 = | header12 = | header13 = | header14 = | header15 = | header16 = | header17 = | header18 = | data19 = | data20 = | data21 = In office Template:En dash range |
data22 =
}}{{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child=yes |
labelstyle = text-align:left | label1 = Nominated by | data1 = | label2 = Appointed by | data2 = | label3 = Monarch | data3 = | label4 = President | data4 = | label5 = Governor-General | data5 = | label6 = Prime Minister | data6 = | label7 = Chancellor | data7 = | label8 = Minister | data8 = | label9 = Taoiseach | data9 = | label10 = First Minister | data10 = | label11 = Chief Minister | data11 = | label12 = Premier | data12 = | label13 = Governor | data13 = | label14 = Lieutenant Governor | data14 = | label15 = Vice President | data15 = | label16 = Vice Governor | data16 = | label17 = Vice PM | data17 = | label18 = Vice Premier | data18 = | label19 = Deputy | data19 = | label20 = Leader | data20 = | label21 = Lieutenant | data21 = | label22 = | data22 = | label23 = | data23 = | label24 = | data24 = | label25 = | data25 = | label26 = | data26 = | label27 = | data27 = | label28 = Running mate | data28 = | label29 = Opponent(s) | data29 = | label30 = Incumbent | data30 = | label31 = Preceding | data31 = | label32 = Preceded by | data32 = Office established | label33 = Succeeded by | data33 = Gamal Abdel Nasser | label34 = Parliamentary group | data34 = | label35 = Constituency | data35 = | label36 = Majority | data36 =
}} {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child=yes|decat=yes |
headerstyle = background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em; | datastyle = border-bottom:none | header1 = | header2 = | data3 = | header4 = | header5 = | header6 = | header7 = | header8 = 4th President of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia | header9 = | header10 = | header11 = | header12 = | header13 = | header14 = | header15 = | header16 = | header17 = | header18 = | data19 = | data20 = | data21 = In office Template:En dash range |
data22 =
}}{{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate|child=yes |
labelstyle = text-align:left | label1 = Nominated by | data1 = | label2 = Appointed by | data2 = | label3 = Monarch | data3 = | label4 = President | data4 = | label5 = Governor-General | data5 = | label6 = Prime Minister | data6 = | label7 = Chancellor | data7 = | label8 = Minister | data8 = | label9 = Taoiseach | data9 = | label10 = First Minister | data10 = | label11 = Chief Minister | data11 = | label12 = Premier | data12 = | label13 = Governor | data13 = | label14 = Lieutenant Governor | data14 = | label15 = Vice President | data15 = | label16 = Vice Governor | data16 = | label17 = Vice PM | data17 = | label18 = Vice Premier | data18 = | label19 = Deputy | data19 = | label20 = Leader | data20 = | label21 = Lieutenant | data21 = | label22 = | data22 = | label23 = | data23 = | label24 = | data24 = | label25 = | data25 = | label26 = | data26 = | label27 = | data27 = | label28 = Running mate | data28 = | label29 = Opponent(s) | data29 = | label30 = Incumbent | data30 = | label31 = Preceding | data31 = | label32 = Preceded by | data32 = Milan Gorkić | label33 = Succeeded by | data33 = Stevan Doronjski | label34 = Parliamentary group | data34 = | label35 = Constituency | data35 = | label36 = Majority | data36 =
}} |
| Born | 7 May 1892 Kumrovec, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary (present-day Croatia) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 4 May 1980 (aged 87) Ljubljana, SR Slovenia, SFR Yugoslavia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Resting place | House of Flowers, Belgrade, Serbia 44°47′12″N 20°27′06″E / 44.78667°N 20.45167°E | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nationality | Yugoslav | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | League of Communists of Yugoslavia Communist Party of the Soviet Union | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Spouse(s) | Pelagija Belousova (m. 1920–1939) Herta Haas (m. 1940–1943; d. 2010) Jovanka Budisavljević (m. 1952) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Domestic partner | Davorjanka Paunović (1943–1946) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | 4, including Mišo Broz | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" | Military service | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service/branch | Austro-Hungarian Army Red Army Yugoslav People's Liberation Army (JVBA) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years of service | 1913–1915 1918–1920 1941–1980 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Rank | Marshal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Commands | National Liberation Army Yugoslav People's Army (supreme commander) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Battles/wars | World War I Russian Civil War World War II (Balkans campaign) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Awards | 98 international and 21 Yugoslav decorations | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Josip Broz (7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980), commonly known as Tito, was a Communist leader in Yugoslavia before WWII, a Communist partisan and war criminal during the war, and postwar Communist dictator of Yugoslavia. He was responsible for numerous Communist atrocities. Still, he received a total of 98 foreign decorations, including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath.
Leftist Wikipedia has been criticized for leftist bias in its articles on Tito and for not mentioning many of Tito's crimes. See the external article "Josip Broz Tito, Communists Extremists and Wikipedia".
Life
Identity (controversial)
True Josip Broz
The true Josip Broz was really born on May 21, 1892 in Kumrovec village of Zagorje county, northwestern Croatia (Austria-Hungary), as seventh child of Marija Javeršek caming from Slovenian village Podsreda. His real Croatian father was Franjo Broz, a villager in Kumrovec being a hard alcoholic, and so from his 14 ill-treated children a half died in youth. Josip Broz was a lower boy with narrow asketic face and modest intellectual capability; therefore he cannot complete his basic school in Kumrovec, and left second class in 1905. Then from 1907-1913 he became the assistant of a locksmith in Sisak town, central Croatia.
From Sisak descended the important testimony of his late co-worker N. Ivšic on his essential distinction from Yugoslav J.A. Tito; because of that taboo of Tito's identity, Ivšić was then in communist Yugoslavia persecuted and tortured. This important detail is that a locksmith machine by working incident amputated a digit of true J. Broz that then had 4 right digits only (in that time before a century any medical re-implantation was impossible). However, J.A. Tito then had complete right hand with 5 digits, playing well on piano.
Then J. Broz was shortly a worker in Slovenia and in Bohemia, and from autumn 1913 because of coming WW1, he was taken in Austrian army. Then in 1914 he was sent in eastern front against Russia, and justly on Easter 1914, he perished on Caucasus being killed by the attack of a Circassian troop. Thus here in Caucasus finished the personal biography of the real Josip Broz from Croatian Kumrovec, an all subsequent events on his name are falsifications.
However, Soviet Kominterna later decided for far-sighted political purposes, to transfer his dead identity on his half-brother and underground communist Josua Ambroz Mayer then renamed in 'Josip Broz Tito', whose parallel biography follows here.[1]
Youth of Josua Ambroz Mayer
Josua Ambroz Mayer was born in Austrian capital Vienna on May 7, 1891. His true physical father was Samuel Mayer, a rich Polish jew and owner of the Viennese factory of medical prostetics. Marija Javeršek then was his Slovene servant, and that correlation resulted by the birth of their son Josua Ambroz. In difference of his handicaped half-brother (Josip Broz), Josua Ambroz was healthy, robust, well educated and much more intelligent.
Due to his ancestry, J.A. Mayer grew in imperial Vienna and received there the best basic education in Wiener-deutsch, and then he finished also musical school as an excellent piano player and the best interpreter of Verdi and Chopin in his class. Then he continued his military education, and he went in the Austrian imperial Military Academia in Pecs (Hungary), being there in the same class with the future Führer of German Third Reich i.e. with young Adolf Hitler, his future military antagonist in WW2. This coincidence then was very important for Tito's military experience as follows:
- 1. He was a well educated jewish officer and not a rural Croatian locksmith as then presented.
- 2. In Pecs he became directly familiar with Hitler's strategic thinking, and then he used that abundantly to preview and neutralize Hitler's attacks in Yugoslavia.
- 3. On the other hand, Hitler alone was not aware of Tito's capability, due to tabooised change of his identity by Kominterna decisions (and also the massacred Croats in post-war Yugoslavia up to 1990ies were not aware of another non-Croat identity of Tito).
Austrian army
In May 1913, Broz was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Common Army (Gemeinsame Armee) for his compulsory two years of service. He successfully requested to serve with the 25th Croatian Home Guard Regiment () garrisoned in Zagreb. After learning to ski during the winter of 1913 and 1914, Broz was sent to a school for non-commissioned officers (NCO) in Budapest, after which he was promoted to sergeant major. At 22 years of age, he was the youngest of that rank in his regiment. After winning the regimental fencing competition, Broz came in second in the army fencing championships in Budapest in May 1914.
Soon after the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the 25th Croatian Home Guard Regiment of the Imperial and Royal Army (k. u. k. Armee) marched toward the Serbian border. Broz was arrested for sedition and imprisoned in the Petrovaradin fortress in present-day Novi Sad. After his acquittal and release, his regiment served briefly on the Serbian Front before being deployed to the Eastern Front in Galicia in early 1915 to fight against the Imperial Russians (Kaiserlich-Russische Armee).
On one occasion, the scout platoon he commanded went behind the enemy lines and captured 80 Russian soldiers, bringing them back to their own lines alive. In 1980, it was discovered that he had been recommended for an award for gallantry and initiative in reconnaissance and capturing prisoners. Tito's biographer, Richard West, wrote that Tito actually downplayed his military record as the Austrian Army records showed that he was a brave soldier, which contradicted his later claim to have been opposed to the Habsburg monarchy and his self-portrait of himself as an unwilling conscript fighting in a war he was opposed to. Broz was regarded by his fellow soldiers as kaisertreu ("true to the Emperor of Austria").
On 25 March 1915, he was wounded in the back by a Circassian cavalryman's lance and captured during a Russian attack near Bukovina. Now a prisoner of war (POW), Broz was transported east to a hospital established in an old monastery in the town of Sviyazhsk on the Volga river near Kazan. During his 13 months in hospital, he had bouts of pneumonia and typhus, and learned Russian with the help of two schoolgirls who brought him Russian classics by such authors as Tolstoy and Turgenev to read.
Tito's Communist Career
After a year imprisoned, then working on Urals in 1917 he, like all those weak of character, adhered to Russian Bolsheviks earning extra food rations, and then in Siberia (Omsk) he entered in Red Army and in Communist Party 1918. There he also married Pelagija Belousova, and with her in 1920 he returned to Yugoslavia where he immediately entered in Yugoslav Communist Party being third one in parliament. In 1921 this party was forbidden by Yugoslav king, and then as an illegal underground communist, he worked as machinist in Bjelovar, Kraljevica, etc.
In 1934 he entered in Central Committee of Yugoslav Communists, and in 1935 went anew in Russia being active in Kominterna. Stalin sent him 1937 as a secret agent Comrade Walter, in Yugoslavia to control and reform Yugoslav Communists. After some intrigues, the former main secretary of Yu. communists (Milan Gorkic) disappeared being probably killed in Russia, and then Stallin installed Tito as the main secretary of Yu. communists.
Tito as Yugoslav Leader
Now follows shortly his career in WW2 and post-war Yugoslavia to his death.
- July 4, 1941 Tito called Yugoslavia for armed resistance against National Socialist Germany.
- 1941-1945 he was the Chief Commander (Marshall) of National Liberation Army in Yugoslavia.
- 1945-1953 he leaded communist Yugoslavia as Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs.
- From 1948 followed his rift from Stalin's control (INFORMBIRO) and political neutrality.
- 1953-1980 he is the the lifelong President of Yugoslavia.
- From 1961 he is co-founder of Non-Aligned Movement, together with Egypt's leader G.A. Nasser, and India's leader J. Nehru
As a Viennese jew, Tito never learned a consistent Croatian speaking: In his numerous sermons across Yugoslavia, he mostly spoke in his original Inter-Slavic mixture of Polish, Slovene and Russian with few added Serbian words i.e. a hybrid language similar to modern artificial Slovio. When after WW2 he arrived in 'native' Kumrovec, many his neighbors and age-mates cannot recognize him (but mostly left tacit before his repressalies).
Death and Consequences
Tito died in Clinic centre of Ljubljana on May 4, 1980, from a gangrena in legs. In his last days of agony, Tito spoke mostly in Wiener-deutsch of his youth, and not in his usual Inter-Slavic as former president. Tito is buried in his mausoleum in Belgrade named The House of Flowers. At time of his death, he was the most powerful jewish ruler in World; thus nearly all important states were obliged to assist on his funeral, that accompanied about 120 different rulers. Therefore also now, his young life and his post-war massacres on civilians became an untouchable taboo eliminated from his adorating bibliographies. Even now after Yugoslavian bloody disaster, his numerous monuments persisted across subentire ex-Yugoslavia (except in Serbia), and he is so far especially adorated in Bosnia, Kossova and Makedonija whose nations and territories were created by him.
He was even glorified in new Croatia by recent ruling liberal-leftists (ex-communists), as the biggest (false) Croat of entire regional history - despite the fact that he was the biggest eliminator leading the massacres of 700,000 Croats (mostly civilians). In entire Yugoslavia 1944-1980, he was responsible for massacring about 1,100000 victims, and therefore he is the 9th one among the major mass-murderers in the known World history. In general, his role and effects in Balkans were very similar as these of J.V. Stallin in USSR and Russia. Therefore it was quite logical and expectable that after his death, Yugoslavia exploded in a very bloody regional war.
For this biography were used only selected verifiable indications from internet, combined and completed by other complementary documentation as follows. Except some national megalomany, the most realistic published biography of J.B. Tito is this one by M. Todorovic (2nd edit. 2005), being mostly congruent with other independent testimonies and documentation.
Josip Broz Tito's crimes
Josip Broz Tito made a lot of crimes: crimes of war and crimes against humanity such as mass murder, democide, genocide and ethnic cleansing. Indeed he destroyed economy of Yugoslavia: during the 1970s the economy began to weaken under the weight of foreign debt, high inflation, and inefficient industry. Also, he was under increasing pressure from fascist forces within Yugoslavia, especially Croatian secessionists who threatened to break up the federation. Following their repression, Tito tightened control of intellectual life.[2]
Genocide
Accusations of culpability are related with crimes perpetrated during WW II and during repression by Broz Tito's communist Yugoslav Republic command among the public trials that took place in Slovenia between 1945 and 1950, the most important were the Nagode trial against democratic intellectuals and left liberal activists in 1946 and the titoist Dachau trials in 1947–1949, when 12 former inmates of Nazi concentration camps were accused of collaboration with the Nazis and were massacred. Mass graves are evidences of massacres;[3][4]other crime was committed in Kočevski Rog butchery:[5][6]accusations of genocide and ethnic cleansing by historians.[7][8][9]Accusations of culpability in the Bleiburg massacre, foibe slaterhouse, the repression of Croatia Catholic's Church, and the crackdown on the Croatian Spring or MASPOK.[10] Accusation of Vojvodina massacre consists in retaliation against Germans and Hungarians citizen and supposed Chetnik Serbs but some historians consider these incidents also ethnic cleansing against Germans and Hungarians because during World War II, the German minority in occupied Yugoslavia enjoyed a status of superiority over the Yugoslav population.[11] The AVNOJ Presidium issued a decree that ordered the government confiscation of all property of Nazi Germany and its citizens in Yugoslavia, persons of German nationality (regardless of citizenship), and collaborators. The decision acquired the force of law on February 6, 1945.[12]Other accusation of crimes committed against children.[13][14]
Historian Tomislav Sunic denounces Broz's crimes: he claims Tito carried out "ethnic cleansing" and mass killings on a far greater scale, against Croats, Germans and Serbs, and with the sanction of the British and American governments;[15] again Sunic in other book recounts the life of suffering of many Croat, Serb, and Albanian dissidents in the former Yugoslavia. The break-up of Yugoslavia cannot be understood without a cursory excursion into its violent past. Run for forty-five years by communist strongman, Tito, Yugoslavia projected a false picture of a perfect multiethnic melting pot. In fact, the Yugoslav multicultural conviviality could only be upheld by Tito's iron rule which was tacitly tolerated by the democratic West.[16] Broz Tito's repression involved many dictator's old friends such as Milovan Dilas and Vladimir Dedijer who both were imprisoned but later wrote several books with gross accusations against him;[17] criticismn heaped on Broz Tito's lustful lifestyle: by 1974 he had 32 official residences, a communist who lived like a king.[18] Broz Tito constructed huge personality cult around him.[19]
Ethnic cleansing
He ordered triple ethnic cleansing: against Germans[20], Hungarians[21] and Italians[22]. Broz was an ultra panslav fascist so he was hostile versus all not ethnic Slav citizens such as Germans, Hungarians, Italians, Albanians, Romanians, Greeks, Vlachs, etc.
Cult of personality
(Tito) attached himself to the monarchic tradition and to traditional concepts of power
—Milovan Đilas
As soon as Tito came to power he moved into the royal palaces and villas and established a royal lifestyle for himself.[23]. Tito had a predilection for jewerly and pomp: he wore a diamond ring on his little finger and liked to parade in a white uniform edged with gold[24] His belt buckle was made out of pure gold, and was so heavy that it keep slipping down. He wrote with a heavy gold pen. He changed his clothes four times a day, according to occasion and the impressions he wished to create.
He used a sun lamp regularly to maintain a tan, and had a liking for medals, both for receiving them and decorating others with them[25].
Throughout his reign, Tito amassed or had built for himself a large collection of palaces, villas and lodges scattered throughout Yugoslavia.The hunting parties were one of Tito's favorite pastimes, and often included his inner circle of party and government officials as well as foreign guests.
There were many ritualized practices venerating Tito, wich were specific to him and profiled him in a way that made him popular. For instance, each Yugoslav republic had its Partisan or Tito pilgrimage center were schools and workers' unions organized trips.
See also
Main Sources
- S. K. Pavlowitch: Tito, Yugoslavia's Great Dictator. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1992 (hardcover, ISBN 0-8142-0600-X; paperback, ISBN 0-8142-0601-8).
- B. S. Vukcevich: Tito, architect of Yugoslav disintegration. Orlando, FL: Rivercross Publishing, 1995 (ISBN 0-944957-46-3).
- Milovan Djilas: Tito, the Story from inside. London: Phoenix Press, 2001 (new ed., ISBN 1-84212-047-6).
- Miroslav Todorovic: Hohštapler (Tito bonvivant). 2nd edition, 368 p. Dunja doo. Bjelovar 2005.
- Periodical: Politički zatvorenik (Political prisoners), Croatian association of political prisoners, Zagreb 1990-2007.
- Mihovil Lovric: Historical notes from early Soviet Russia, 1915-1923 (mscr), Krk.
- Testimony of late N. Ivšic, co-worker of true Josip Broz in Sissek (before WW1).
See also
- Bleiburg Massacres
- Expulsion of Italians and Croats from Istria and Dalmatia
- Foibe massacres
- James Klugmann
- Mass killings under Communist regimes
- National Socialist Germany and partisans/resistance movements - In particular, the section "Partisan atrocities in Yugoslavia".
External links
Encyclopedias
- Encyclopedia Britannica: Josip Broz Tito
- Encyclopedia.com: Tito (Josip Broz)
- Encyclopedia.com: Marshal Tito
Other
- The Web of Disinformation: Churchill's Yugoslav Blunder
- Necrometrics: Yugoslavia, Tito's Regime - Lists estimates of the numbers killed during Tito's regime in the postwar period only.
References
- ↑ Astonishing Biography of Joshua Mayer Aka Marshal Tito
- ↑ Tito's Dictatorship
- ↑ Article. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21.
- ↑ linked dossier. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21.
- ↑ Book and article about Kocevje extermination. Archived from the original on 2012-09-14.
- ↑ in Black Book of Communism, read in chapter Comintern on action
- ↑ Scenes from the Balkan Wars of Christopher Merrill
- ↑ The bloodiest Yugoslav spring, 1945 Tito's Katyns and Gulags of Bor. M. Karapandžić
- ↑ South Slav journal
- ↑ Rough guide to Croatia of Jonathan Bousfield
- ↑ Michael Portmann, Communist Retaliation and Persecution on Yugoslav Territory During and After WWII (1943–50). Archived from the original on 2012-07-27.
- ↑ Tomasevich 1969, p. 115, 337.
- ↑ book's chapter8. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21.
- ↑ whole book. Archived from the original on 2012-09-10.
- ↑ Sunic. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21.
- ↑ Tomislav Sunic Titoism and dissidence. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21.
- ↑ N. Y. Times article. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21.
- ↑ N. Y. Times articles
- ↑ Tito enthusiastically acquiesced to the personality cult constructed around him. May 25 was declared his official birthday and celebrated nationwide as <<Dan mladosti>>-the Day of Youth-enhancing Tito's aura as the kindly father of a grateful people
- ↑ Genocide of Germans in Yugoslavia. Archived from the original on 2012-09-10.
- ↑ Tito's atrocities in Hungarian Vojvodina 1944-1945
- ↑ Arrigo Petacco, The exodus. The story of the Italian population of Istria, Dalmatia, and Venezia Giulia, Mondadori, Milan, 1999. English translation.
- ↑ Tone Bringa, The death of Tito and the end of Yugoslavia, in Death of the father: an anthropology of the end in political authority, Berghahn Books, 2004, p. 152[1]
- ↑ Tone Bringa, Cit., p. 152
- ↑ Milovan Đilas, Tito: the Story for Inside, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981, pp. 110-111.