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(Created page with "{{Stub}} In philosophy, '''spiritualism''' is the notion, shared by a wide variety of systems of thought, that there is an immaterial reality that cannot be perceived by the senses.<ref name=EB>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/560495/spiritualism "Spiritualism (in philosophy)"], britannica.com</ref> This includes philosophies that postulate a personal God, the immortality of the soul, or the immortality of the intellect or...")
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'''Spiritualism''', an ambiguous term, may in philosophy and religion refer to a characteristic of any system of thought that states the existence of immaterial reality or forces imperceptible to the ordinary senses.
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In [[philosophy]], '''spiritualism''' is the notion, shared by a wide variety of systems of thought, that there is an immaterial reality that cannot be perceived by the senses.<ref name=EB>''Encyclopædia Britannica'', [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/560495/spiritualism "Spiritualism (in philosophy)"], britannica.com</ref> This includes philosophies that postulate a personal [[God]], the immortality of the soul, or the immortality of the intellect or will, as well as any systems of thought that assume a [[universal mind]] or cosmic forces lying beyond the reach of purely [[Materialism|materialistic]] interpretations.<ref name=EB /> Generally, any philosophical position, be it [[dualism]], [[monism]], [[atheism]], [[theism]], [[pantheism]], [[idealism]] or any other, is compatible with spiritualism as long as it allows for a reality beyond matter.<ref name=EB /><ref name="James1977">{{cite book|author=William James|title=A pluralistic universe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fPuwCunFTFoC&pg=PA16|year=1977|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-67391-5|page=16}}</ref> Theism is an example of a dualist spiritualist philosophy, while pantheism is an example of monist spiritualism.<ref name="James1977" />


The term derives from the ambiguous term "spirit", which may in Judaism / Christianity / Ancient Greek philosophy refer an animating (divine) force, not identical with the more individual "soul". Extended to other religions and philosophical systems.
==Notable spiritualist thinkers==
*[[Aristotle]]<ref name=EB />
*[[Henri Bergson]]<ref name=EB />
*[[Maine de Biran]]<ref>Su-Young Park-Hwang (1998), [https://books.google.com/books?id=OyQcAgAACAAJ&dq= ''L'habitude dans le spiritualisme français: Maine de Biran, Ravaisson, Bergson''], Presses Universitaires du Septentrion.</ref>
*[[Evola]]<ref name=EB />
*[[Victor Cousin]]<ref>''Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Brahman to Derrida'', Taylor & Francis, 1998, p. 10: "Victor Cousin's eclectic spiritualism".</ref>
*[[René Descartes]]<ref name=EB />
*[[Giovanni Gentile]]<ref name=EB />
*William Ernest Hocking<ref name=EB />
*Louis Lavelle<ref name=EB />
*René Le Senne<ref name=EB />
*Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz<ref name=EB />
*Pindar<ref name=EB />
*[[Plato]]<ref name=EB />


"Spirituality" may refer spiritual beliefs in organized religions, but may more recently often refer to spiritual beliefs not part of organized religion, such as in "[[New Age]]" spirituality. Often associated with [[mysticism]] and to seek mystical experiences.


"Spiritualism" may also more specifically refer to a movement believing that departed souls can interact with the living. Such spiritualists may seek to experience contact with the dead, usually through the assistance of a medium. The movement reached its peak growth in membership from the 1840s to the 1920s, especially in English-speaking countries.
==See also==
*[[Metaphysics]]


There may be an association between unconventional philosophical / religious spiritualist views and unconventional political views, with various stated associations between (certain) unconventional spiritualists views (such as in [[theosophy]] and departed souls spiritualism) and views such as [[feminism]].
==References==
 
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==  
=== Encyclopedias ===
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/spiritualism-philosophy Encyclopedia Britannica: Spiritualism]
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/spiritualism-religion Encyclopedia Britannica: Spiritualism]
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/spirituality Encyclopedia Britannica: Spirituality]
*[https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/s2/spiritualism.html Encyclopedia Britannica 1911 Edition: Spiritualism]
*[https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/other-religious-beliefs-and-general-terms/miscellaneous-religion/spiritualism Encyclopedia.com: Spiritualism]
*[https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/philosophy/philosophy-terms-and-concepts/spirituality Encyclopedia.com: Spirituality]
*[https://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/other-religious-beliefs-and-general-terms/miscellaneous-religion/spiritism Encyclopedia.com: Spiritism]
*[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/legal-and-political-magazines/new-age-spirituality Encyclopedia.com: New Age Spirituality]
*[https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/legal-and-political-magazines/feminist-spirituality Encyclopedia.com: Feminist Spirituality]


[[Category:Religion]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Religion]]

Revision as of 17:54, 5 January 2023

In philosophy, spiritualism is the notion, shared by a wide variety of systems of thought, that there is an immaterial reality that cannot be perceived by the senses.[1] This includes philosophies that postulate a personal God, the immortality of the soul, or the immortality of the intellect or will, as well as any systems of thought that assume a universal mind or cosmic forces lying beyond the reach of purely materialistic interpretations.[1] Generally, any philosophical position, be it dualism, monism, atheism, theism, pantheism, idealism or any other, is compatible with spiritualism as long as it allows for a reality beyond matter.[1][2] Theism is an example of a dualist spiritualist philosophy, while pantheism is an example of monist spiritualism.[2]

Notable spiritualist thinkers


See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Encyclopædia Britannica, "Spiritualism (in philosophy)", britannica.com
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 William James (1977). A pluralistic universe p. 16 Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-67391-5
  3. ↑ Su-Young Park-Hwang (1998), L'habitude dans le spiritualisme français: Maine de Biran, Ravaisson, Bergson, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion.
  4. ↑ Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Brahman to Derrida, Taylor & Francis, 1998, p. 10: "Victor Cousin's eclectic spiritualism".
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