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'''Propaganda''' is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to tell a particular side of a story, so which may not | [[File:6d2a78fca3953167.png|thumb]] | ||
'''Propaganda''' is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to tell a particular side of a story, so which may not be [[objective]] and may be even selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or [[perception]] or using loaded language. It is the representation of a point of view of one side. <ref>Smith, Bruce L. (February 17, 2016). "Propaganda". Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved Apr 23, 2016</ref> | |||
Propaganda can be found in news and journalism, government, advertising, entertainment, education, and activism, almost everywhere a group is | Propaganda can be found in news and [[journalism]], [[government]], advertising, entertainment, education, and [[activism]], almost everywhere a group is attempting to cause another one to do or think something<ref>Hobbs, Renee (2020). [[Mind]] Over Media: Propaganda Education for a Digital Age. New York: W.W. Norton</ref> and is often associated with material which is prepared by either government - as part of war efforts, [[political]] campaigns or health campaigns - or revolutionaries. It is also employed, though with differences in scale, characteristics and messages by big businesses, [[religious]] organizations, the media, TV commercials, internet memes, websites and certain individuals such as soapboxers. It is the art of [[persuasion]]. | ||
In the 20th century, the English-version-term "propaganda" has been often associated with a manipulative approach, but historically, propaganda has been a '''neutral''' descriptive term of any material that promotes certain opinions. Equivalent non-English terms have also largely retained the original neutral connotation. | In the [[20th century]], the English-version-term "propaganda" has been often associated with a manipulative approach, but historically, propaganda has been a '''neutral''' descriptive term of any material that promotes certain opinions. Equivalent non-English terms have also largely retained the original neutral connotation. | ||
A wide range of materials and media are used for conveying propaganda messages, which changed as new technologies were invented, including paintings, cartoons, posters, pamphlets, films, radio shows, TV shows, and websites. More recently, the digital age has given rise to new ways of disseminating propaganda, for example, bots and algorithms are currently being used to create computational propaganda and fake or biased news and spread it on social media.<ref>Hobbs, Renee (2020). Mind Over Media: Propaganda Education for a Digital Age. New York: W.W. Norton</ref> | A wide range of materials and media are used for conveying propaganda messages, which changed as new technologies were invented, including paintings, cartoons, posters, pamphlets, films, radio shows, TV shows, and websites. More recently, the digital age has given rise to new ways of disseminating propaganda, for example, bots and algorithms are currently being used to create computational propaganda and fake or biased news and spread it on [[social]] media. <ref>Hobbs, Renee (2020). Mind Over Media: Propaganda Education for a Digital Age. New York: W.W. Norton</ref> | ||
=Etymology= | =Etymology= | ||
Propaganda is a modern Latin word, ablative singular feminine of the gerundive form of propagare, meaning 'to spread' or 'to propagate', thus propaganda means for that which is to be propagated. Originally this word derived from a new administrative body of | Propaganda is a modern Latin word, ablative singular feminine of the gerundive form of propagare, [[meaning]] 'to spread' or 'to propagate', thus propaganda means for that which is to be propagated. Originally this word derived from a new administrative body of the [[Catholic]] Church (congregation) created in 1622 as part of the Counter-Reformation, called the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Congregation for Propagating the Faith), or informally simply Propaganda. Its activity was aimed at "propagating" the Catholic faith in non-Catholic countries. | ||
From the 1790s, the term began being used also to refer to propaganda in secular activities. The term began taking a pejorative or negative connotation in the mid-19th century, when it was used in the political sphere.<ref>Diggs-Brown, Barbara (2011) Strategic Public Relations: Audience Focused Practice p. 48</ref> | From the 1790s, the term began being used also to refer to propaganda in [[secular]] activities. The term began taking a pejorative or negative connotation in the mid-19th century, when it was used in the political sphere. <ref>Diggs-Brown, Barbara (2011) Strategic Public Relations: Audience Focused Practice p. 48</ref> | ||
=References= | =References= | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
=More= | |||
[[File:Propaganda.jpg|thumb|300px|The term began taking a pejorative or negative connotation in the mid-19th century, when it was used in the political sphere and finally aquired a derogatory association around the [[First World War]], although in many parts of Europe, it kept it's semi-neutral definition, the more or less objective propagation of information, until the [[Second World War]].]] | |||
[[File:Anti-German World War I propaganda.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Anti-German]] [[World War I]] propaganda]] | |||
'''Propaganda''', commonly refered to as '''public relations''' today, is the dissemination of information aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviour of human beings; either in large numbers or of a select grouping, depending on the intention of the propagandist. The phrase entered the [[English language]] in 1718 from [[Latin]] and was originally a neutral term used to describe the dissemination of information in favour of any given cause. Since the middle of the 20th century, the term has been associated exclusively with the spreading of lies in favor of an inhumane goal, although the accusation of โpropagandaโ by [[politically correct]] or [[woke]] sources is often used to [[attack]] and undermine the right to [[freedom of expression]]. | |||
==Definition== | |||
[[File:American anti-German propoganda poster degrading the Germans as Huns.jpg|thumb|300px|[[American]] propaganda poster degrading the [[Germans]] as "[[Huns]]"]] | |||
While the term propaganda has today acquired a negative connotation, by association with its most manipulative examples, propaganda in its original sense was neutral and could refer to uses that were generally positive, such as public health recommendations, signs encouraging citizens to participate in a census or election, or messages encouraging persons to report crimes to law enforcement. Today, terms such as "public relations" are often preferred. | |||
In its more negative sense, propaganda may be seen as biased, selective, false, encouraging an inappropriate particular synthesis, and/or intended to produce an emotional rather than a [[rational]] response. The purpose of a propaganda message may be open and obvious. However, propaganda may also be more subtle and inserted into, for example, popular movies and television series. | |||
==History== | |||
One of the oldest recorded propaganda in Europe were lies perpetrated by the [[Romans]] about the [[Celts]]. They claimed things related to the Celts being uncivilized, though the biggest lie they told was that the [[druids]] performed [[human sacrifice]]. Some [[people]] wonder why the war propaganda of [[WWII]] ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Antideutsche_Propaganda de]) has never been corrected when the war propaganda from over a thousand years ago is still believed. | |||
One of the first propagandists were the [[jews]] who became [[Christians]] and spoke directly to people. Converting important people was a chosen technique because they had power and influence. That is why [[Saint Peter]] went to [[Rome]], the seat of power at the the [[time]]. They spread the [[Bible]] but it was a hand written Bible in various languages. The [[Catholic Church]] had its headquarters in [[Rome]] so the [[Latin]] version was supreme. Latin was the language of educated men which meant that the illiterate majority only knew what they were being told. The Church had power over minds exercised through its priests. | |||
In Germany, around 1440, goldsmith [[Johannes Gutenberg]] invented the movable-[[type]] printing press, which started the Printing [[Revolution]]. He introduced the metal movable-type printing press in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. The small number of alphabetic characters needed for [[European]] languages was an important factor. Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimonyโand these materials remained standard for 550 years. [[Martin Luther]] translated the [[New Testament]] from the [[Greek]] in 1521-22 AD. This caused major disturbance in [[Europe]] and led to the [[Reformation]]. | |||
===Propaganda Venues=== | |||
Propaganda can be spread through [[religion]], [[education]], the [[media]] and the [[Internet]]. Religious [[leaders]] claim [[moral]] superiority as a [[reason]] for putting their positions. Education is prone to be under government control and follow official policy. The media is owned by a small group of people who are suspected of malign intentions. The Internet is a vehicle for the rest of us. | |||
===Twentieth Century propaganda=== | |||
Newspapers started to spread when paper and printing became less expensive and literacy became more common. The Times, one of the oldest was first published in 1785 AD, in England. The first editor was put in prison for libel. Telling people things did not always find favour. Magazines came into being and were not necessarily distinct from newspapers. Modern papers are now daily while magazines are less frequent. | |||
Radio began in 1909 and was sound only. It grew fast and achieved a peak, perhaps in the 1950s around the time that television took over. [[Television]] became a mass medium after the [[Second World War]]. Early transmitting stations tended be under government control. They were aware that it had the potential to become a major propaganda weapon. Later commercial interests were allowed to transmit and to advertise. The first independent franchises in England were described with disarming [[candour]] as a a licence to print money. | |||
The [[Internet]] came along and seriously disturbed the status quo in the 1990s. The origin was DARPANET which started in 1969 AD but it took the weight of numbers to get it going. | |||
==Propaganda as manipulation== | |||
During the 20th Century, however, it became a term of abuse in western countries, because it was seen to mean the intentional dissemination of false, biassed and misleading claims to support or justify political actions or ideologies. This change of view came about because the [[Soviet Union]] and Germany's government under [[Hitler]] admitted explicitly to using propaganda favouring, respectively, [[communism]] and [[National Socialism]]. | |||
The leading propagandist in [[Germany]] was [[Willi Mรผnzenberg]], a prominent member of the ''Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands'' or [[Communist Party of Germany]]. He was an innovator in the field who gave the world Innocents Clubs full of useful idiots. It has always been understood that advertising is manipulation but it is transparent on the basic point; it is a way of enticing us to give our money. | |||
== See also == | |||
*[[Allied psychological warfare]] | |||
*[[Black propaganda]] | |||
* [[Gay propaganda]] | |||
* [[Propaganda lies about National Socialism]] | |||
*[[Template:Logical fallacies and propaganda methods]] | |||
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Latest revision as of 01:34, 29 February 2024
Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to tell a particular side of a story, so which may not be objective and may be even selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception or using loaded language. It is the representation of a point of view of one side. [1]
Propaganda can be found in news and journalism, government, advertising, entertainment, education, and activism, almost everywhere a group is attempting to cause another one to do or think something[2] and is often associated with material which is prepared by either government - as part of war efforts, political campaigns or health campaigns - or revolutionaries. It is also employed, though with differences in scale, characteristics and messages by big businesses, religious organizations, the media, TV commercials, internet memes, websites and certain individuals such as soapboxers. It is the art of persuasion.
In the 20th century, the English-version-term "propaganda" has been often associated with a manipulative approach, but historically, propaganda has been a neutral descriptive term of any material that promotes certain opinions. Equivalent non-English terms have also largely retained the original neutral connotation.
A wide range of materials and media are used for conveying propaganda messages, which changed as new technologies were invented, including paintings, cartoons, posters, pamphlets, films, radio shows, TV shows, and websites. More recently, the digital age has given rise to new ways of disseminating propaganda, for example, bots and algorithms are currently being used to create computational propaganda and fake or biased news and spread it on social media. [3]
Etymology
Propaganda is a modern Latin word, ablative singular feminine of the gerundive form of propagare, meaning 'to spread' or 'to propagate', thus propaganda means for that which is to be propagated. Originally this word derived from a new administrative body of the Catholic Church (congregation) created in 1622 as part of the Counter-Reformation, called the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide (Congregation for Propagating the Faith), or informally simply Propaganda. Its activity was aimed at "propagating" the Catholic faith in non-Catholic countries.
From the 1790s, the term began being used also to refer to propaganda in secular activities. The term began taking a pejorative or negative connotation in the mid-19th century, when it was used in the political sphere. [4]
References
- โ Smith, Bruce L. (February 17, 2016). "Propaganda". Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved Apr 23, 2016
- โ Hobbs, Renee (2020). Mind Over Media: Propaganda Education for a Digital Age. New York: W.W. Norton
- โ Hobbs, Renee (2020). Mind Over Media: Propaganda Education for a Digital Age. New York: W.W. Norton
- โ Diggs-Brown, Barbara (2011) Strategic Public Relations: Audience Focused Practice p. 48
More
Propaganda, commonly refered to as public relations today, is the dissemination of information aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviour of human beings; either in large numbers or of a select grouping, depending on the intention of the propagandist. The phrase entered the English language in 1718 from Latin and was originally a neutral term used to describe the dissemination of information in favour of any given cause. Since the middle of the 20th century, the term has been associated exclusively with the spreading of lies in favor of an inhumane goal, although the accusation of โpropagandaโ by politically correct or woke sources is often used to attack and undermine the right to freedom of expression.
Definition
While the term propaganda has today acquired a negative connotation, by association with its most manipulative examples, propaganda in its original sense was neutral and could refer to uses that were generally positive, such as public health recommendations, signs encouraging citizens to participate in a census or election, or messages encouraging persons to report crimes to law enforcement. Today, terms such as "public relations" are often preferred.
In its more negative sense, propaganda may be seen as biased, selective, false, encouraging an inappropriate particular synthesis, and/or intended to produce an emotional rather than a rational response. The purpose of a propaganda message may be open and obvious. However, propaganda may also be more subtle and inserted into, for example, popular movies and television series.
History
One of the oldest recorded propaganda in Europe were lies perpetrated by the Romans about the Celts. They claimed things related to the Celts being uncivilized, though the biggest lie they told was that the druids performed human sacrifice. Some people wonder why the war propaganda of WWII (de) has never been corrected when the war propaganda from over a thousand years ago is still believed.
One of the first propagandists were the jews who became Christians and spoke directly to people. Converting important people was a chosen technique because they had power and influence. That is why Saint Peter went to Rome, the seat of power at the the time. They spread the Bible but it was a hand written Bible in various languages. The Catholic Church had its headquarters in Rome so the Latin version was supreme. Latin was the language of educated men which meant that the illiterate majority only knew what they were being told. The Church had power over minds exercised through its priests.
In Germany, around 1440, goldsmith Johannes Gutenberg invented the movable-type printing press, which started the Printing Revolution. He introduced the metal movable-type printing press in Europe, along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould. The small number of alphabetic characters needed for European languages was an important factor. Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimonyโand these materials remained standard for 550 years. Martin Luther translated the New Testament from the Greek in 1521-22 AD. This caused major disturbance in Europe and led to the Reformation.
Propaganda Venues
Propaganda can be spread through religion, education, the media and the Internet. Religious leaders claim moral superiority as a reason for putting their positions. Education is prone to be under government control and follow official policy. The media is owned by a small group of people who are suspected of malign intentions. The Internet is a vehicle for the rest of us.
Twentieth Century propaganda
Newspapers started to spread when paper and printing became less expensive and literacy became more common. The Times, one of the oldest was first published in 1785 AD, in England. The first editor was put in prison for libel. Telling people things did not always find favour. Magazines came into being and were not necessarily distinct from newspapers. Modern papers are now daily while magazines are less frequent.
Radio began in 1909 and was sound only. It grew fast and achieved a peak, perhaps in the 1950s around the time that television took over. Television became a mass medium after the Second World War. Early transmitting stations tended be under government control. They were aware that it had the potential to become a major propaganda weapon. Later commercial interests were allowed to transmit and to advertise. The first independent franchises in England were described with disarming candour as a a licence to print money.
The Internet came along and seriously disturbed the status quo in the 1990s. The origin was DARPANET which started in 1969 AD but it took the weight of numbers to get it going.
Propaganda as manipulation
During the 20th Century, however, it became a term of abuse in western countries, because it was seen to mean the intentional dissemination of false, biassed and misleading claims to support or justify political actions or ideologies. This change of view came about because the Soviet Union and Germany's government under Hitler admitted explicitly to using propaganda favouring, respectively, communism and National Socialism.
The leading propagandist in Germany was Willi Mรผnzenberg, a prominent member of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands or Communist Party of Germany. He was an innovator in the field who gave the world Innocents Clubs full of useful idiots. It has always been understood that advertising is manipulation but it is transparent on the basic point; it is a way of enticing us to give our money.
See also
- Allied psychological warfare
- Black propaganda
- Gay propaganda
- Propaganda lies about National Socialism
- Template:Logical fallacies and propaganda methods