Ion Antonescu: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
m (Text replacement - "Category:([0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9]) births" to "Categoryxxx") |
No edit summary |
||
| (15 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Infobox person| | {{Infobox person| | ||
|name = Ion Antonescu | |name = Ion Antonescu | ||
|image = [[File:Ion Victor Antonescu II. | |image = [[File:Ion Victor Antonescu II.png|300px|]] | ||
|caption = Marshal Antonescu | |caption = Marshal Antonescu | ||
|born = 15 June 1882<br>[[Piteşti]], [[Wallachia]], [[Romania]] | |born = 15 June 1882<br>[[Piteşti]], [[Wallachia]], [[Romania]] | ||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
| | | | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''Ion Victor Antonescu''' (14<ref>Dennis Deletant: ''Hitler's Forgotten Ally – Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944'', Palgrave Macmillan, London 2006, p. 37</ref> or 15<ref>Nina Maria Horbath: [file:///C:/Users/AJV/Downloads/33798.pdf '' | '''Ion Victor Antonescu''' (14<ref>Dennis Deletant: ''Hitler's Forgotten Ally – Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944'', Palgrave Macmillan, [[London]] 2006, p. 37</ref> or 15<ref>Nina Maria Horbath: [file:///C:/Users/AJV/Downloads/33798.pdf ''Holohoax und Vergangenheitspolitik in Rumänien''], 2015, p. 20</ref> June 1882 – 1 June 1946) was a [[Romania]]n military officer who had served in [[World War I]], a [[general]], and then a [[Field Marshall|marshal]] (''mareșal''<ref>''Mareșal'' (marshal) is the highest rank in the Army of Romania, the Romanian Armed Forces. It is the equivalent of a [[field marshal]] in other countries.</ref> since 23 August 1941), who was Prime Minister and ''Conducător'' of [[Romania]] during most of [[World War II]]. | ||
==Life== | ==Life== | ||
[[File:Romania's Antonescu. | [[File:Romania's Antonescu.png|right|310px]] | ||
Ion Victor Antonescu was born in Piteşti, Romania, near [[Bucharest]] in 1882. Antonescu came from a military background and was dedicated in his work, serving early on in the [[Second Balkan War]]. When Romania entered [[World War I]] on the side of the [[Triple Entente]], he was involved in decision-making for the Romanian campaign. They were defeated and signed the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest]] on 7 May [O.S. 25 April] 1918 and it was ratified by the Chamber of Deputies on June 28th and by the Senate on 4 July 1918. However, King Ferdinand refused to sign or promulgate it. | Ion Victor Antonescu was born in Piteşti, Romania, near [[Bucharest]] in 1882. Antonescu came from a military background and was dedicated in his work, serving early on in the [[Second Balkan War]]. When Romania entered [[World War I]] on the side of the [[Triple Entente]], he was involved in decision-making for the Romanian campaign. They were defeated and signed the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1918)|Treaty of Bucharest]] on 7 May [O.S. 25 April] 1918 and it was ratified by the Chamber of Deputies on June 28th and by the Senate on 4 July 1918. However, King Ferdinand refused to sign or promulgate it. | ||
After the war Antonescu served for a time as the Romanian military attaché to [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Belgium]]. After returning home, he served as Secretary-General of the Defence Ministry in the [[Vintilă Brătianu]] cabinet and was then made Chief of the Romanian General Staff.<ref name="Deletant Antonescu Regime">Deletant, Dennis. ''Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944''. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2006.</ref> | After the war Antonescu served for a [[time]] as the Romanian military attaché to [[France]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Belgium]]. After returning home, he served as Secretary-General of the Defence Ministry in the [[Vintilă Brătianu]] cabinet and was then made Chief of the Romanian General Staff.<ref [[name]]="Deletant Antonescu Regime">Deletant, Dennis. ''Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944''. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2006.</ref> | ||
===Rise to Power=== | ===Rise to Power=== | ||
In 1927, [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]] had created an [[anti-semetic]] and highly religious [[Christian]] [[ | In 1927, [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]] had created an [[anti-semetic]] and highly [[religious]] [[Christian]] [[fascist]] organization known as the [[Archangel Michael Legion|Legion of Michael the Archangel]] (also known as the [[Iron Guard]]), which was determined to create a permanent [[spiritual]] and ultimately [[political]] [[revolution]] in Romania. Throughout the 1930s, in the face of strong [[oppression]] from the [[government]] the Legionary Movement grew larger and larger. In February 1938, King [[Carol II of Romania|Carol]] changed the Romanian [[Constitution]] and established himself as a quasi-[[dictator]], ruling with his Minister Armand Calinescu. In March of that year, [[Codreanu]] was imprisoned in unfair and biased trials and in a few months murdered by order of Calinescu.<ref name="Ronnett and Bradescu Legionary Movement Romania"> Ronnett, Alexander E. and Bradescu, Faust. [http://www.vho.org/GB/Journals/JHR/7/2/RonnettBradescu193-228.html "The Legionary Movement in Romania."] ''The [[Journal of Historical Review]]'', vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 193-228. </ref> | ||
After the fall of [[France]] in June 1940, King Carol's policy changed towards re-alignment with Germany in the hope of gaining German guarantees for Romania. He was however not aware of the secret clauses of the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact between Germany and the Soviet Union that would see [[Romania]] lose significant parts of its territory. So-called Greater Romania was now fragmented by the enforced ceding of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR, Northern Transylvania to Hungary and southern Dobruja to Bulgaria. Although after which, a German guarantee was finally achieved, the situation had a disastrous effect on the reputation of Carol II. The reorientation of Romania's foreign policy towards Germany, however, would not prevent his regime from collapsing, and he was forced to abdicate by General Ion Antonescu, the newly appointed (September 4th) Prime Minister. Carol was again succeeded by his son King [[Michael I of Romania|Michael]]. | After the fall of [[France]] in June 1940, King Carol's policy changed towards re-alignment with [[Germany]] in the hope of gaining [[German]] guarantees for Romania. He was however not aware of the secret clauses of the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact between Germany and the Soviet Union that would see [[Romania]] lose significant parts of its territory. So-called Greater Romania was now fragmented by the enforced ceding of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR, Northern [[Transylvania]] to [[Hungary]] and southern Dobruja to Bulgaria. Although after which, a German guarantee was finally achieved, the situation had a disastrous effect on the reputation of Carol II. The reorientation of Romania's foreign policy towards Germany, however, would not prevent his regime from collapsing, and he was forced to abdicate by General Ion Antonescu, the newly appointed (September 4th) Prime Minister. Carol was again succeeded by his son King [[Michael I of Romania|Michael]]. | ||
Antonescu decided to work with the Legion of Michael the Archangel in forming a new government. On that day [[Horia Sima]] had been chosen by the top Legionaries as the new Commander of the Legion.<ref name="Ronnett and Bradescu Legionary Movement Romania"/> | Antonescu decided to work with the [[Legion]] of Michael the [[Archangel]] in forming a new government. On that day [[Horia Sima]] had been chosen by the top Legionaries as the new Commander of the Legion.<ref name="Ronnett and Bradescu Legionary Movement Romania"/> | ||
In these circumstances, Sima became Vice-President and ruled jointly with Antonescu, who was Prime Minister (although he gave himself the title of ''Conducător'' or Leader). The new government, made up of a mixture of [[military]] members and Legionaries, was proclaimed the [[National Legionary State]]. Although it was technically a constitutional monarchy with King [[Michael I of Romania|Michael]], Antonescu and Sima were the true rulers of the state.<ref name="Sima Freedom National Legionary State"> Sima, Horia. [http://www.horiasima.ro/carti/Era%20Libertatii%20-%20Statul%20national-Legionar%20vol.1.htm ''Era Libertaţii - Statul naţional-Legionar vol. 1''] ("It was Freedom - National Legionary State vol. 1"). Editura "Miscarii Legionare", Madrid, 1982. </ref> | In these circumstances, Sima became Vice-President and ruled jointly with Antonescu, who was Prime Minister (although he gave himself the title of ''Conducător'' or Leader). The new government, made up of a mixture of [[military]] members and Legionaries, was proclaimed the [[National Legionary State]]. Although it was technically a constitutional [[monarchy]] with King [[Michael I of Romania|Michael]], Antonescu and Sima were the true rulers of the state.<ref name="Sima [[Freedom]] National Legionary State"> Sima, Horia. [http://www.horiasima.ro/carti/Era%20Libertatii%20-%20Statul%20national-Legionar%20vol.1.htm ''Era Libertaţii - Statul naţional-Legionar vol. 1''] ("It was Freedom - National Legionary State vol. 1"). Editura "Miscarii Legionare", Madrid, 1982. </ref> | ||
Of the establishment of the National Legionary State, Horia Sima said in his book ''Era Libertaţii - Statul naţional-Legionar'' ("Freedom - National Legionary State", vol.1) that "Rarely in our people's history has there been experienced a moment of collective exaltation of impressive enthusiasm as that of the popular masses after the expulsion [''sic''] of King Carol from the country. You cannot even compare the intensity of national sentiment with that rush of joy in the annexed provinces, when the Union of 1918 was formed."<ref name="Sima Freedom National Legionary State"/> | Of the establishment of the National Legionary State, Horia Sima said in his book ''Era Libertaţii - Statul naţional-Legionar'' ("Freedom - National Legionary State", vol.1) that "Rarely in our [[people]]'s [[history]] has there been experienced a moment of collective exaltation of impressive enthusiasm as that of the popular masses after the expulsion [''sic''] of King Carol from the country. You cannot even compare the intensity of national sentiment with that rush of joy in the annexed provinces, when the Union of 1918 was formed."<ref name="Sima Freedom National Legionary State"/> | ||
Sima and Antonescu then proceeded to nationalise the Romanian national economy, trade, industry, and mass media, where [[ | Sima and Antonescu then proceeded to nationalise the Romanian national economy, trade, industry, and [[mass media]], where [[jewish influence]] had been very large.<ref> Sima, Horia. [http://www.horiasima.ro/carti/Sfarsitul%20unei%20domnii%20sangeroase.html ''Sfarşitul unei domnii sângeroase''] ("The End of a Bloody Reign"). Editura "Miscarii Legionare", Madrid, 1977. </ref> See also [[jewish_influence#Romania|jewish influence: Romania]]. | ||
===Joining the Axis=== | ===Joining the Axis=== | ||
In November 1940, Legionary Romania joined the [[Tripartite Pact]] of [[National Socialist Germany]], [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]], and [[Imperial Japan|Japan]], bringing Romania into [[World War II]] on the side of the [[Axis powers]]. However, the dual leadership of Sima and Antonescu was imperfect, since Antonescu was extremely ambitious and wanted to gain complete power by personally becoming the leader of the Legionary Movement. In 1941, Antonescu had a personal meeting with [[Adolf Hitler]], without notifying Sima or any other Legionary leaders, having left for Berlin on January 13th. Antonescu discussed with Hitler the possibility of a war with the [[Soviet Union]] and the conditions for Romania's participation in that war. Antonescu argued that the Romanian army was on his side and if Hitler wanted Romania to join in the fight against the U.S.S.R., Germany must agree to remain neutral in the internal conflict between him (Antonescu) and the Legionary Movement.<ref name="Ronnett and Bradescu Legionary Movement Romania"/> | In November 1940, Legionary Romania joined the [[Tripartite Pact]] of [[National Socialist Germany]], [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]], and [[Imperial Japan|Japan]], bringing Romania into [[World War II]] on the side of the [[Axis powers]]. However, the dual leadership of Sima and Antonescu was imperfect, since Antonescu was extremely ambitious and wanted to gain complete power by personally becoming the leader of the Legionary Movement. In 1941, Antonescu had a personal meeting with [[Adolf Hitler]], without notifying Sima or any other Legionary [[leaders]], having [[left]] for [[Berlin]] on January 13th. Antonescu discussed with Hitler the possibility of a war with the [[Soviet Union]] and the conditions for Romania's participation in that war. Antonescu argued that the Romanian army was on his side and if Hitler wanted Romania to join in the fight against the U.S.S.R., Germany must agree to remain neutral in the internal conflict between him (Antonescu) and the Legionary Movement.<ref name="Ronnett and Bradescu Legionary Movement Romania"/> | ||
General Antonescu then prepared for a ''[[coup d'état]]'' against the Legion by having anti-Legionary propaganda spread with rumours claiming that Legionaries are undisciplined, are engaging in scuffles with military members, and are of questionable use in war. Antonescu then took various anti-Legionary actions, including removing various prominent Legionaries from government positions and eventually beginning to arrest and imprison Legionary leaders. On 21 January 1941, Horia Sima and a large number of Legionaries rebelled against Antonescu, and although they later tried to reach an agreement, Antonescu harshly repressed the Legionaries. In another meeting with Hitler, Antonescu convinced the German leader that the Legionaries were "fanatics" that needed to be suppressed. The Romanian government under Antonescu then became highly authoritarian and began to arrest and kill numerous Legionaries. By April 1941, Horia Sima and many other members of the Legion had fled into German territory and were then interned in compulsory quarters in camps, although treated well by the [[Germans]].<ref name="Ronnett and Bradescu Legionary Movement Romania"/> | General Antonescu then prepared for a ''[[coup d'état]]'' against the Legion by having anti-Legionary [[propaganda]] spread with rumours claiming that Legionaries are undisciplined, are engaging in scuffles with military members, and are of questionable use in war. Antonescu then took various anti-Legionary actions, including removing various prominent Legionaries from government positions and eventually beginning to arrest and imprison Legionary leaders. On 21 January 1941, Horia Sima and a large number of Legionaries rebelled against Antonescu, and although they later tried to reach an agreement, Antonescu harshly repressed the Legionaries. In another meeting with Hitler, Antonescu convinced the German leader that the Legionaries were "fanatics" that needed to be suppressed. The Romanian government under Antonescu then became highly [[authoritarian]] and began to arrest and kill numerous Legionaries. By April 1941, Horia Sima and many other members of the Legion had fled into German territory and were then interned in compulsory quarters in camps, although treated well by the [[Germans]].<ref name="Ronnett and Bradescu Legionary Movement Romania"/> | ||
Romania took part in ''[[Operation Barbarossa]]'', as part of the [[Crusade against Bolshevism]], which led to the recovery of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Antonescu also became Marshal of Romania, was awarded the German decoration, the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]], and despite some early successes in Transnistria, the situation began to turn after the [[Battle of Stalingrad]]. Aerial bombing attacks on Romania by the Allies occurred in 1944 and Romanian troops suffered heavy casualties on the [[Eastern Front]] generally, prompting Antonescu to open tentative peace negotiations with the Allies, ending with inconclusive results. The [[Red Army]] was soon on the borders of Romania. On 23 August 1944 [[King Michael I]] requested Antonescu to an audience in the Royal Palace in [[Bucharest]], where He presented the Marshal with a formal request to take Romania out of the [[Axis]] alliance. The ''Conducător'' refused, and was promptly arrested by soldiers of the Royal Guard upon the orders of the monarch. He was replaced as Premier with General Constantin Sănătescu, who presided over a national government. Two days later [[Romania]] betrayed her brothers in arms and joined the Allies. | Romania took part in ''[[Operation Barbarossa]]'', as part of the [[Crusade against Bolshevism]], which led to the recovery of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Antonescu also became Marshal of Romania, was awarded the German decoration, the [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]], and despite some early successes in Transnistria, the situation began to turn after the [[Battle of Stalingrad]]. Aerial bombing attacks on Romania by the Allies occurred in 1944 and Romanian troops suffered heavy casualties on the [[Eastern Front]] generally, prompting Antonescu to open tentative [[peace]] negotiations with the Allies, ending with inconclusive results. The [[Red Army]] was soon on the borders of Romania. On 23 August 1944 [[King Michael I]] requested Antonescu to an audience in the Royal Palace in [[Bucharest]], where He presented the Marshal with a formal request to take Romania out of the [[Axis]] alliance. The ''Conducător'' refused, and was promptly arrested by soldiers of the Royal Guard upon the orders of the monarch. He was replaced as Premier with General Constantin Sănătescu, who presided over a national government. Two days later [[Romania]] betrayed her brothers in arms and joined the Allies. | ||
Following the occupation of Romania by the forces of the [[Soviet Union]] Antonescu spent some time in [[Moscow]] as a prisoner, under reasonable conditions, but was returned to Bucharest in 1946, where he was tried and executed by a [[Communist]] kangeroo-court.<ref name="Deletant Antonescu Regime"/> | Following the occupation of Romania by the forces of the [[Soviet Union]] Antonescu spent some time in [[Moscow]] as a prisoner, under reasonable conditions, but was returned to Bucharest in 1946, where he was tried and executed by a [[Communist]] kangeroo-court.<ref name="Deletant Antonescu Regime"/> | ||
===Horia Sima on Antonescu's Rule=== | ===Horia Sima on Antonescu's Rule=== | ||
: ''Marshal Antonescu was an historical calamity. In the final analysis he caused Rumania as much evil as did [[Carol I of Romania|Carol]]. He created the climate in which the conspiracy of August 23, 1944, was born and prospered. He allowed contacts to be established between irresponsible persons and organizations and the enemy, in the absurd hope that the country's independence could be saved that way. He allowed himself to be surrounded by people in the service of the adversary, and he gave them access to the most confidential State affairs and to the management of military operations. By his lack of reaction to the activities of the enemy agents he favoured defeatism, he weakened the inner resistance of the State, disorganized its institutions, and permitted thereby the carrying out of the ''coup d'etat'' of August 23. By removing the Legionaries from his Government and keeping them in prison until the outbreak of the catastrophe, he sabotaged the last possible means of saving his country. Finally, he was himself the victim of the political system he had created. He was devoured by the sharks he had gathered around himself.''<ref>Horia Sima: ''Cazul Iorga-Madgearu'', Editura Carpaţii, Madrid 1961.</ref> | : ''Marshal Antonescu was an historical calamity. In the final analysis he caused Rumania as much evil as did [[Carol I of Romania|Carol]]. He created the climate in which the conspiracy of August 23, 1944, was born and prospered. He allowed contacts to be established between irresponsible persons and organizations and the enemy, in the absurd hope that the country's [[independence]] could be saved that way. He allowed himself to be surrounded by people in the service of the adversary, and he gave them access to the most confidential State affairs and to the management of military operations. By his lack of reaction to the activities of the enemy agents he favoured defeatism, he weakened the inner resistance of the State, disorganized its institutions, and permitted thereby the carrying out of the ''coup d'etat'' of August 23. By removing the Legionaries from his Government and keeping them in prison until the outbreak of the catastrophe, he sabotaged the last possible means of saving his country. Finally, he was himself the victim of the political system he had created. He was devoured by the sharks he had gathered around himself.''<ref>Horia Sima: ''Cazul Iorga-Madgearu'', Editura Carpaţii, Madrid 1961.</ref> | ||
==Death== | ==Death== | ||
| Line 55: | Line 55: | ||
==Awards and decorations (excerpt)== | ==Awards and decorations (excerpt)== | ||
[[File:Ion Victor Antonescu III.png|right|600px]] | [[File:Ion Victor Antonescu III.png|right|600px]] | ||
*Romanian Medal of Military Virtue (1st Class in Gold) in 1913 (Southern Dobruja)<ref>Romania's highest military decoration at the time. Only received by one other officer in the army during the Second Balkan War.</ref> | *Romanian Medal of Military [[Virtue]] (1st Class in Gold) in 1913 (Southern Dobruja)<ref>Romania's highest military decoration at the time. Only received by one other officer in the army during the Second Balkan War.</ref> | ||
* Order of Michael the Brave, 3rd, 2nd, and 1st Class | * Order of Michael the Brave, 3rd, 2nd, and 1st Class | ||
** 1st Class in 1919 (Tisza River, Hungary)<ref>Romania's highest military decoration. Upon crossing the River Tisza during the Hungarian–Romanian War, King Ferdinand took the Order of Michael the Brave from his own uniform and presented it to Antonescu, saying ''"Antonescu, no one in this country knows better than the King how much they owe you."''</ref> | ** 1st Class in 1919 (Tisza River, Hungary)<ref>Romania's highest military decoration. Upon crossing the River Tisza during the Hungarian–Romanian War, King Ferdinand took the Order of Michael the Brave from his own uniform and presented it to Antonescu, saying ''"Antonescu, no one in this country knows better than the King how much they owe you."''</ref> | ||
* Combined Pilot/Observer Badge in Gold with Diamonds in June 1941 | * Combined Pilot/Observer Badge in Gold with Diamonds in June 1941 | ||
** Bestowed to honor exceptional success, presented to Antonescu by Reichsmarschall [[Hermann Göring]]. | ** Bestowed to [[honor]] exceptional success, presented to Antonescu by [[Reichsmarschall]] [[Hermann Göring]]. | ||
* [[Iron Cross]] (1939), 2nd, and 1st Class on 6 August 1941 | * [[Iron Cross]] (1939), 2nd, and 1st Class on 6 August 1941 | ||
** Awarded for bravery in battle as well as other military contributions in a battlefield environment. | ** Awarded for bravery in battle as well as other military contributions in a battlefield environment. | ||
* [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] on 6 August 1941 | * [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]] on 6 August 1941 | ||
** First Romanian to receive the award. | ** First Romanian to receive the award. | ||
* Grand Cross of the Finnish White Rose of Finland with Swords in January 1942 | * Grand Cross of the Finnish [[White]] Rose of Finland with Swords in January 1942 | ||
* [[Order of the German Eagle]], Grand Cross in Gold with Star on 11 February 1942 | * [[Order of the German Eagle]], Grand Cross in Gold with Star on 11 February 1942 | ||
* [[Romanian Commemorative Medal for the Crusade Against Communism]] | * [[Romanian Commemorative Medal for the Crusade Against Communism]] | ||
| Line 77: | Line 77: | ||
*[https://codoh.com/library/document/2156/?lang=en The Legionary Movement in Romania] | *[https://codoh.com/library/document/2156/?lang=en The Legionary Movement in Romania] | ||
*[https://codoh.com/library/document/3913/?lang=en To the Abattoir, Investigating the Legionary Rebellion of January 21-23, 1941] | *[https://codoh.com/library/document/3913/?lang=en To the Abattoir, Investigating the Legionary Rebellion of January 21-23, 1941] | ||
*[https://codoh.com/library/document/2015/?lang=en Romanians and the | *[https://codoh.com/library/document/2015/?lang=en Romanians and the Holohoax] | ||
=== Encyclopedias === | === Encyclopedias === | ||
| Line 84: | Line 84: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
[[Category:Pages with broken file links]] | |||
[[Category:People]] | |||
[[Category:WWAC]] | |||
[[Category:Romania]] | |||
[[Category: | |||
[[Category: | |||
[[Category: | |||
[[Category: | |||
Latest revision as of 17:08, 6 March 2024
| Ion Antonescu | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| File:Ion Victor Antonescu II.png
Marshal Antonescu | |||
| Born | 15 June 1882 Piteşti, Wallachia, Romania | ||
| Died | 1 June 1946 (aged 63) Jilava, Wallachia, Romania | ||
| Nationality | Romanian | ||
| Occupation | statesman, soldier | ||
| Religion | Romanian Orthodox | ||
| Spouse | ∞ 1927 Maria Niculescu | ||
| Term | 5 September 1940 – 23 August 1944 | ||
| Predecessor | Ion Gigurtu | ||
| Successor | Constantin Sănătescu | ||
Conducător of Romania
| |||
| Term | 6 September 1940 – 23 August 1944 | ||
Ion Victor Antonescu (14[1] or 15[2] June 1882 – 1 June 1946) was a Romanian military officer who had served in World War I, a general, and then a marshal (mareșal[3] since 23 August 1941), who was Prime Minister and Conducător of Romania during most of World War II.
Life
Ion Victor Antonescu was born in Piteşti, Romania, near Bucharest in 1882. Antonescu came from a military background and was dedicated in his work, serving early on in the Second Balkan War. When Romania entered World War I on the side of the Triple Entente, he was involved in decision-making for the Romanian campaign. They were defeated and signed the Treaty of Bucharest on 7 May [O.S. 25 April] 1918 and it was ratified by the Chamber of Deputies on June 28th and by the Senate on 4 July 1918. However, King Ferdinand refused to sign or promulgate it.
After the war Antonescu served for a time as the Romanian military attaché to France, the United Kingdom, and Belgium. After returning home, he served as Secretary-General of the Defence Ministry in the Vintilă Brătianu cabinet and was then made Chief of the Romanian General Staff.[4]
Rise to Power
In 1927, Corneliu Zelea Codreanu had created an anti-semetic and highly religious Christian fascist organization known as the Legion of Michael the Archangel (also known as the Iron Guard), which was determined to create a permanent spiritual and ultimately political revolution in Romania. Throughout the 1930s, in the face of strong oppression from the government the Legionary Movement grew larger and larger. In February 1938, King Carol changed the Romanian Constitution and established himself as a quasi-dictator, ruling with his Minister Armand Calinescu. In March of that year, Codreanu was imprisoned in unfair and biased trials and in a few months murdered by order of Calinescu.[5]
After the fall of France in June 1940, King Carol's policy changed towards re-alignment with Germany in the hope of gaining German guarantees for Romania. He was however not aware of the secret clauses of the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact between Germany and the Soviet Union that would see Romania lose significant parts of its territory. So-called Greater Romania was now fragmented by the enforced ceding of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the USSR, Northern Transylvania to Hungary and southern Dobruja to Bulgaria. Although after which, a German guarantee was finally achieved, the situation had a disastrous effect on the reputation of Carol II. The reorientation of Romania's foreign policy towards Germany, however, would not prevent his regime from collapsing, and he was forced to abdicate by General Ion Antonescu, the newly appointed (September 4th) Prime Minister. Carol was again succeeded by his son King Michael.
Antonescu decided to work with the Legion of Michael the Archangel in forming a new government. On that day Horia Sima had been chosen by the top Legionaries as the new Commander of the Legion.[5]
In these circumstances, Sima became Vice-President and ruled jointly with Antonescu, who was Prime Minister (although he gave himself the title of Conducător or Leader). The new government, made up of a mixture of military members and Legionaries, was proclaimed the National Legionary State. Although it was technically a constitutional monarchy with King Michael, Antonescu and Sima were the true rulers of the state.[6]
Of the establishment of the National Legionary State, Horia Sima said in his book Era Libertaţii - Statul naţional-Legionar ("Freedom - National Legionary State", vol.1) that "Rarely in our people's history has there been experienced a moment of collective exaltation of impressive enthusiasm as that of the popular masses after the expulsion [sic] of King Carol from the country. You cannot even compare the intensity of national sentiment with that rush of joy in the annexed provinces, when the Union of 1918 was formed."[7]
Sima and Antonescu then proceeded to nationalise the Romanian national economy, trade, industry, and mass media, where jewish influence had been very large.[8] See also jewish influence: Romania.
Joining the Axis
In November 1940, Legionary Romania joined the Tripartite Pact of National Socialist Germany, Italy, and Japan, bringing Romania into World War II on the side of the Axis powers. However, the dual leadership of Sima and Antonescu was imperfect, since Antonescu was extremely ambitious and wanted to gain complete power by personally becoming the leader of the Legionary Movement. In 1941, Antonescu had a personal meeting with Adolf Hitler, without notifying Sima or any other Legionary leaders, having left for Berlin on January 13th. Antonescu discussed with Hitler the possibility of a war with the Soviet Union and the conditions for Romania's participation in that war. Antonescu argued that the Romanian army was on his side and if Hitler wanted Romania to join in the fight against the U.S.S.R., Germany must agree to remain neutral in the internal conflict between him (Antonescu) and the Legionary Movement.[5]
General Antonescu then prepared for a coup d'état against the Legion by having anti-Legionary propaganda spread with rumours claiming that Legionaries are undisciplined, are engaging in scuffles with military members, and are of questionable use in war. Antonescu then took various anti-Legionary actions, including removing various prominent Legionaries from government positions and eventually beginning to arrest and imprison Legionary leaders. On 21 January 1941, Horia Sima and a large number of Legionaries rebelled against Antonescu, and although they later tried to reach an agreement, Antonescu harshly repressed the Legionaries. In another meeting with Hitler, Antonescu convinced the German leader that the Legionaries were "fanatics" that needed to be suppressed. The Romanian government under Antonescu then became highly authoritarian and began to arrest and kill numerous Legionaries. By April 1941, Horia Sima and many other members of the Legion had fled into German territory and were then interned in compulsory quarters in camps, although treated well by the Germans.[5]
Romania took part in Operation Barbarossa, as part of the Crusade against Bolshevism, which led to the recovery of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina. Antonescu also became Marshal of Romania, was awarded the German decoration, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, and despite some early successes in Transnistria, the situation began to turn after the Battle of Stalingrad. Aerial bombing attacks on Romania by the Allies occurred in 1944 and Romanian troops suffered heavy casualties on the Eastern Front generally, prompting Antonescu to open tentative peace negotiations with the Allies, ending with inconclusive results. The Red Army was soon on the borders of Romania. On 23 August 1944 King Michael I requested Antonescu to an audience in the Royal Palace in Bucharest, where He presented the Marshal with a formal request to take Romania out of the Axis alliance. The Conducător refused, and was promptly arrested by soldiers of the Royal Guard upon the orders of the monarch. He was replaced as Premier with General Constantin Sănătescu, who presided over a national government. Two days later Romania betrayed her brothers in arms and joined the Allies.
Following the occupation of Romania by the forces of the Soviet Union Antonescu spent some time in Moscow as a prisoner, under reasonable conditions, but was returned to Bucharest in 1946, where he was tried and executed by a Communist kangeroo-court.[9]
Horia Sima on Antonescu's Rule
- Marshal Antonescu was an historical calamity. In the final analysis he caused Rumania as much evil as did Carol. He created the climate in which the conspiracy of August 23, 1944, was born and prospered. He allowed contacts to be established between irresponsible persons and organizations and the enemy, in the absurd hope that the country's independence could be saved that way. He allowed himself to be surrounded by people in the service of the adversary, and he gave them access to the most confidential State affairs and to the management of military operations. By his lack of reaction to the activities of the enemy agents he favoured defeatism, he weakened the inner resistance of the State, disorganized its institutions, and permitted thereby the carrying out of the coup d'etat of August 23. By removing the Legionaries from his Government and keeping them in prison until the outbreak of the catastrophe, he sabotaged the last possible means of saving his country. Finally, he was himself the victim of the political system he had created. He was devoured by the sharks he had gathered around himself.[10]
Death
After the war, Antonescu was convicted of alleged crimes at a "People's Tribunal" in the Soviet-occupied Kingdom of Romania and executed.
Awards and decorations (excerpt)
- Romanian Medal of Military Virtue (1st Class in Gold) in 1913 (Southern Dobruja)[11]
- Order of Michael the Brave, 3rd, 2nd, and 1st Class
- 1st Class in 1919 (Tisza River, Hungary)[12]
- Combined Pilot/Observer Badge in Gold with Diamonds in June 1941
- Bestowed to honor exceptional success, presented to Antonescu by Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring.
- Iron Cross (1939), 2nd, and 1st Class on 6 August 1941
- Awarded for bravery in battle as well as other military contributions in a battlefield environment.
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 6 August 1941
- First Romanian to receive the award.
- Grand Cross of the Finnish White Rose of Finland with Swords in January 1942
- Order of the German Eagle, Grand Cross in Gold with Star on 11 February 1942
- Romanian Commemorative Medal for the Crusade Against Communism
- Crimea Shield (Krimschild) in Gold on 3 July 1942
- The first recipient of this award, bestowed upon Antonescu by Erich von Manstein on Hitler's behalf
- Grand Cross of the Finnish Order of the Cross of Liberty with Swords on 10 November 1943
See also
- Legionary Movement
- The Suicide of Europe: Memoirs of Prince Michel Sturdza, Former Foreign Minister of Rumania
External links
- The Legionary Movement in Romania
- To the Abattoir, Investigating the Legionary Rebellion of January 21-23, 1941
- Romanians and the Holohoax
Encyclopedias
References
- ↑ Dennis Deletant: Hitler's Forgotten Ally – Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944, Palgrave Macmillan, London 2006, p. 37
- ↑ Nina Maria Horbath: [file:///C:/Users/AJV/Downloads/33798.pdf Holohoax und Vergangenheitspolitik in Rumänien], 2015, p. 20
- ↑ Mareșal (marshal) is the highest rank in the Army of Romania, the Romanian Armed Forces. It is the equivalent of a field marshal in other countries.
- ↑ Deletant, Dennis. Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2006.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Ronnett, Alexander E. and Bradescu, Faust. "The Legionary Movement in Romania." The Journal of Historical Review, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 193-228.
- ↑ Sima, Horia. Era Libertaţii - Statul naţional-Legionar vol. 1 ("It was Freedom - National Legionary State vol. 1"). Editura "Miscarii Legionare", Madrid, 1982.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedSima Freedom National Legionary State - ↑ Sima, Horia. Sfarşitul unei domnii sângeroase ("The End of a Bloody Reign"). Editura "Miscarii Legionare", Madrid, 1977.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedDeletant Antonescu Regime - ↑ Horia Sima: Cazul Iorga-Madgearu, Editura Carpaţii, Madrid 1961.
- ↑ Romania's highest military decoration at the time. Only received by one other officer in the army during the Second Balkan War.
- ↑ Romania's highest military decoration. Upon crossing the River Tisza during the Hungarian–Romanian War, King Ferdinand took the Order of Michael the Brave from his own uniform and presented it to Antonescu, saying "Antonescu, no one in this country knows better than the King how much they owe you."