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[[File: Germany_Pomerania_Kolberg_Rathaus_B&W. | [[File: Germany_Pomerania_Kolberg_Rathaus_B&W.png|280px|thumb|right|The Town Hall.]] | ||
[[File:Germany Pomerania Kolberg, Nettelbeck & Gneisenau denkmal. | [[File:Germany Pomerania Kolberg, Nettelbeck & Gneisenau denkmal.png|280px|thumb|right|Monument at St. Mary's Cathedral in Kolberg to the city's defenders in 1807, citizen representative (''Bรผrgeradjutant'' or ''de facto'' Mayor) Joachim Nettelbeck ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Nettelbeck,_Joachim de]) and [then] Major August von Gneisenau ([https://de.metapedia.org/wiki/Gneisenau,_Graf_August_Neidhardt_von de]).]] | ||
'''Kolberg''' is an old German town on the [[Baltic Sea]] coast of [[Pomerania]] founded by them in 1255<ref>''A Terrible Revenge - The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans'' by [[Alfred-Maurice de Zayas]], 2nd revised edition, New York, May 2006, p.9.</ref>ย at the mouth of the river Persante, 111.5 km from [[Stolp]]. It has a considerable harbour and good railway connexions to [[Stettin]], [[Stargard]] and [[Posen]], and was once a popular sea-bathing resort attracting up to 13,000 visitors each year. In 1904 Kolberg's population stood at 20,200 inhabitants. Since 1945 it has been occupied by [[Poland]]. The estimated population in 1982 was 38,700. | '''Kolberg''' is an old [[German]] town on the [[Baltic Sea]] coast of [[Pomerania]] founded by them in 1255<ref>''A Terrible Revenge - The [[Ethnic]] Cleansing of the East [[European]] [[Germans]]'' by [[Alfred-Maurice de Zayas]], 2nd revised edition, New York, May 2006, p.9.</ref>ย at the mouth of the river Persante, 111.5 km from [[Stolp]]. It has a considerable harbour and good railway connexions to [[Stettin]], [[Stargard]] and [[Posen]], and was once a popular sea-bathing resort attracting up to 13,000 visitors each year. In 1904 Kolberg's population stood at 20,200 inhabitants. Since 1945 it has been occupied by [[Poland]]. The estimated population in 1982 was 38,700. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
It was formerly a fortress of great strength. During the [[Seven Years War]] it was taken by the Russians in 1761 when they set up their [[Pomerania]]n Winter Headquarters there.<ref>''A History of Prussia'' by Professor H.W.Koch, London, 1978, p.131.</ref> It successfully resisted French attacks in the Napoleonic invasions of 1806-7. A monument, by G. Meyer, to the Prussian Field-Marshal Count August von Gneisenau and the "heroic" town mayor Nettelbeck, valiant defenders of the town in 1806<ref>Koch, 1978, p.161.</ref>, was erected in 1903 in front of St. Mary's Church, a vast [[Gothic]] building with nave and double aisles which before 1945 was adorned with paintings of the 14th century, today much damaged. ย | It was formerly a fortress of great strength. During the [[Seven Years War]] it was taken by the Russians in 1761 when they set up their [[Pomerania]]n Winter Headquarters there.<ref>''A [[History]] of Prussia'' by Professor H.W.Koch, [[London]], 1978, p.131.</ref> It successfully resisted [[French]] attacks in the Napoleonic invasions of 1806-7. A monument, by G. Meyer, to the Prussian Field-Marshal Count August von Gneisenau and the "heroic" town mayor Nettelbeck, valiant defenders of the town in 1806<ref>Koch, 1978, p.161.</ref>, was erected in 1903 in front of St. Mary's Church, a vast [[Gothic]] building with nave and double aisles which before 1945 was adorned with paintings of the 14th century, today much damaged. ย | ||
Also before 1945, it contained an old candelabrum of 1327 with figures of the Apostles, carved woodwork of 1523, as well as other antiquities. On 30 January 1945 the Agfacolour UFA film ''Kolberg'' a historical film drama directed by Veit Harlan, about the [[Napoleon]]ic siege, was released. | Also before 1945, it contained an old candelabrum of 1327 with figures of the Apostles, carved woodwork of 1523, as well as other antiquities. On 30 January 1945 the Agfacolour UFA film ''Kolberg'' a historical film drama directed by Veit Harlan, about the [[Napoleon]]ic [[siege]], was released. | ||
The Rathaus (Town Hall) was built by Ernst Friedrich Zwirner (d.1861), the architect responsible for the final completion of [[Koln|Cologne]] Cathedral. In front of it stood (until 1945 when destroyed by the Poles) a bronze statue of [[King of Prussia]] Frederick Wilhelm III by Friedrich Drake, the famous sculptor. | The Rathaus (Town Hall) was built by Ernst Friedrich Zwirner (d.1861), the architect responsible for the final completion of [[Koln|Cologne]] Cathedral. In front of it stood (until 1945 when destroyed by the Poles) a bronze statue of [[King of Prussia]] Frederick Wilhelm III by Friedrich Drake, the famous sculptor. | ||
In 1835, a new Roman Catholic Archbishop, Baron Clemens August von Droste zu Vischering, was appointed in Koln. He was opposed to [[Protestantism]] and created great conflict. Amongst other things he prohibited mixed Catholic and Protestant marriages, which had previously been accepted (provided that the children were brought up in the Roman Catholic faith); he prohibited Roman Catholic students to attend lectures delivered by professors known to be firm supporters of the Prussian State. He was removed by the Prussian authorities and imprisoned in Kolberg fortress.<ref>Koch,1978,ย p.226.</ref> | In 1835, a new [[Roman]] [[Catholic]] [[Archbishop]], Baron Clemens August von Droste zu Vischering, was appointed in Koln. He was opposed to [[Protestantism]] and created great conflict. Amongst other things he prohibited mixed Catholic and Protestant marriages, which had previously been accepted (provided that the children were brought up in the [[Roman Catholic]] faith); he prohibited Roman Catholic students to attend lectures delivered by professors known to be firm supporters of the Prussian State. He was removed by the Prussian authorities and imprisoned in Kolberg fortress.<ref>Koch,1978,ย p.226.</ref> | ||
===WWII=== | ===WWII=== | ||
During [[World War II]], Kolberg received many of the 900 survivors from the refugee liner the [[Wilhelm Gustloff (ship)]] which was carrying over 10,000 passengers from Gotenhafen in the Bay of [[Danzig]]. It was torpedoed by a Soviet submarine on 30 January 1945.<ref>de Zayas, 1974, p.72.</ref> Much of the town was badly damaged during this war and had to be restored and rebuilt. In 1945, Pomerania fell to the advancing Red Army of the [[Soviet Union]]. ย | During [[World War II]], Kolberg received many of the 900 survivors from the refugee liner the [[Wilhelm Gustloff (ship)]] which was carrying over 10,000 passengers from Gotenhafen in the Bay of [[Danzig]]. It was torpedoed by a Soviet submarine on 30 January 1945.<ref>de Zayas, 1974, p.72.</ref> Much of the town was badly damaged during this war and had to be restored and rebuilt. In 1945, Pomerania fell to the advancing [[Red Army]] of the [[Soviet Union]]. ย | ||
: ''Between March 4 and 18, 1945 Kolberg [...] was under siege by troops of the Red Army and the Polish Peopleโs Army. Since 1807, the former German bathing resort on the Baltic coast had seen no violence of war. At that time, the siege by troops of Napoleon was terminated after the signing of an armistice between France and Prussia. The propaganda movie Kolberg, which premiered in January 1945, about this siege was intended to encourage the Germans to hold out this time as well. In this it failed but until March 17, almost the entire civilian population was evacuated by sea from the city with fishing boats, merchant men and navy vessels. The majority of the military defenders of Kolberg also managed to escape by sea.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230616233701/https://www.tracesofwar.com/articles/6984/Evacuation-and-fall-of-the-German-city-Kolberg.htm Evacuation and fall of the German city Kolberg]</ref> | : ''Between March 4 and 18, 1945 Kolberg [...] was under siege by troops of the Red Army and the Polish Peopleโs Army. Since 1807, the former German bathing resort on the Baltic coast had seen no violence of war. At that [[time]], the siege by troops of Napoleon was terminated after the signing of an [[armistice]] between [[France]] and Prussia. The [[propaganda]] movie Kolberg, which premiered in January 1945, about this siege was intended to encourage the Germans to hold out this time as well. In this it failed but until March 17, almost the entire civilian population was evacuated by sea from the city with fishing boats, merchant men and navy vessels. The majority of the military defenders of Kolberg also managed to escape by sea.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230616233701/https://www.tracesofwar.com/articles/6984/Evacuation-and-fall-of-the-German-city-Kolberg.htm Evacuation and fall of the German city Kolberg]</ref> | ||
===Post-WWII=== | ===Post-WWII=== | ||
Although officially and under international law in the Soviet Zone of Occupation, it was illegally handed by them to the Communist Government of Poland who then ruthlessly expelled the entire German population who had not already fled. Rapes of women of all ages were commonplace as was murder.<ref>''The Expulsion of the German Population from the Territories East of the Oder-Neisse-Line'', editor, Professor Theodor Schieder, University of Koln, ''et al'', with translations by Professor Dr. Vivian Stranders, M.A., University of London, FDR Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims, Bonn, 1954.</ref><ref>de Zayas, 1994, 71-4.</ref><ref>''The Hour of the Women'' by Christian, Count von Krockow, English-language edition London, 1991, ISBN 0-571-14320-2</ref><ref>''Promise Me You'll Shoot Yourself - The Downfall of Ordinary Germans in 1945'' by Florian Huber, Allen Lane publishers, U.K., 2019, ISBN: 978-0-241-39924-8</ref> Pomerania and Kolberg were repopulated by settlers from Poland proper. | Although officially and under international law in the Soviet Zone of Occupation, it was illegally handed by them to the [[Communist]] [[Government]] of Poland who then ruthlessly expelled the entire German population who had not already fled. Rapes of women of all ages were commonplace as was murder.<ref>''The Expulsion of the German Population from the Territories East of the Oder-Neisse-Line'', editor, Professor Theodor Schieder, University of Koln, ''et al'', with translations by Professor Dr. Vivian Stranders, M.A., University of London, FDR Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims, Bonn, 1954.</ref><ref>de Zayas, 1994, 71-4.</ref><ref>''The Hour of the Women'' by [[Christian]], Count von Krockow, English-language edition London, 1991, ISBN 0-571-14320-2</ref><ref>''Promise Me You'll Shoot Yourself - The Downfall of Ordinary Germans in 1945'' by Florian Huber, Allen Lane publishers, U.K., 2019, ISBN: 978-0-241-39924-8</ref> Pomerania and Kolberg were repopulated by settlers from Poland proper. | ||
==Notables== | ==Notables== | ||
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{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
* ''Northern Germany'' by Karl Baedeker, 14th revised edition, Leipzig, 1904, p.178. | * ''Northern [[Germany]]'' by [[Karl]] Baedeker, 14th revised edition, Leipzig, 1904, p.178. | ||
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[[Category:WWAC]] | [[Category:WWAC]] | ||
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Latest revision as of 16:49, 4 March 2024
File:Germany Pomerania Kolberg Rathaus B&W.png
The Town Hall.
Kolberg is an old German town on the Baltic Sea coast of Pomerania founded by them in 1255[1] at the mouth of the river Persante, 111.5 km from Stolp. It has a considerable harbour and good railway connexions to Stettin, Stargard and Posen, and was once a popular sea-bathing resort attracting up to 13,000 visitors each year. In 1904 Kolberg's population stood at 20,200 inhabitants. Since 1945 it has been occupied by Poland. The estimated population in 1982 was 38,700.
History
It was formerly a fortress of great strength. During the Seven Years War it was taken by the Russians in 1761 when they set up their Pomeranian Winter Headquarters there.[2] It successfully resisted French attacks in the Napoleonic invasions of 1806-7. A monument, by G. Meyer, to the Prussian Field-Marshal Count August von Gneisenau and the "heroic" town mayor Nettelbeck, valiant defenders of the town in 1806[3], was erected in 1903 in front of St. Mary's Church, a vast Gothic building with nave and double aisles which before 1945 was adorned with paintings of the 14th century, today much damaged.
Also before 1945, it contained an old candelabrum of 1327 with figures of the Apostles, carved woodwork of 1523, as well as other antiquities. On 30 January 1945 the Agfacolour UFA film Kolberg a historical film drama directed by Veit Harlan, about the Napoleonic siege, was released.
The Rathaus (Town Hall) was built by Ernst Friedrich Zwirner (d.1861), the architect responsible for the final completion of Cologne Cathedral. In front of it stood (until 1945 when destroyed by the Poles) a bronze statue of King of Prussia Frederick Wilhelm III by Friedrich Drake, the famous sculptor.
In 1835, a new Roman Catholic Archbishop, Baron Clemens August von Droste zu Vischering, was appointed in Koln. He was opposed to Protestantism and created great conflict. Amongst other things he prohibited mixed Catholic and Protestant marriages, which had previously been accepted (provided that the children were brought up in the Roman Catholic faith); he prohibited Roman Catholic students to attend lectures delivered by professors known to be firm supporters of the Prussian State. He was removed by the Prussian authorities and imprisoned in Kolberg fortress.[4]
WWII
During World War II, Kolberg received many of the 900 survivors from the refugee liner the Wilhelm Gustloff (ship) which was carrying over 10,000 passengers from Gotenhafen in the Bay of Danzig. It was torpedoed by a Soviet submarine on 30 January 1945.[5] Much of the town was badly damaged during this war and had to be restored and rebuilt. In 1945, Pomerania fell to the advancing Red Army of the Soviet Union.
- Between March 4 and 18, 1945 Kolberg [...] was under siege by troops of the Red Army and the Polish Peopleโs Army. Since 1807, the former German bathing resort on the Baltic coast had seen no violence of war. At that time, the siege by troops of Napoleon was terminated after the signing of an armistice between France and Prussia. The propaganda movie Kolberg, which premiered in January 1945, about this siege was intended to encourage the Germans to hold out this time as well. In this it failed but until March 17, almost the entire civilian population was evacuated by sea from the city with fishing boats, merchant men and navy vessels. The majority of the military defenders of Kolberg also managed to escape by sea.[6]
Post-WWII
Although officially and under international law in the Soviet Zone of Occupation, it was illegally handed by them to the Communist Government of Poland who then ruthlessly expelled the entire German population who had not already fled. Rapes of women of all ages were commonplace as was murder.[7][8][9][10] Pomerania and Kolberg were repopulated by settlers from Poland proper.
Notables
- Hans Gaede (1852โ1916), General of the Infantry of the Imperial German Army in WWI
References
- โ A Terrible Revenge - The Ethnic Cleansing of the East European Germans by Alfred-Maurice de Zayas, 2nd revised edition, New York, May 2006, p.9.
- โ A History of Prussia by Professor H.W.Koch, London, 1978, p.131.
- โ Koch, 1978, p.161.
- โ Koch,1978, p.226.
- โ de Zayas, 1974, p.72.
- โ Evacuation and fall of the German city Kolberg
- โ The Expulsion of the German Population from the Territories East of the Oder-Neisse-Line, editor, Professor Theodor Schieder, University of Koln, et al, with translations by Professor Dr. Vivian Stranders, M.A., University of London, FDR Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims, Bonn, 1954.
- โ de Zayas, 1994, 71-4.
- โ The Hour of the Women by Christian, Count von Krockow, English-language edition London, 1991, ISBN 0-571-14320-2
- โ Promise Me You'll Shoot Yourself - The Downfall of Ordinary Germans in 1945 by Florian Huber, Allen Lane publishers, U.K., 2019, ISBN: 978-0-241-39924-8