Holy Roman Emperor: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
m (Text replacement - "<references/>" to "{{Reflist|2}}") |
m (Text replacement - ".jpg|" to ".png|") |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[File:Kaisergalerie ffm. | [[File:Kaisergalerie ffm.png|right|390px]] | ||
The '''Holy Roman Emperor''' ({{lang-la|Imperator Romanus Sacer}}) or '''Roman-German Emperor''' ({{lang-de|Rรถmisch-deutscher Kaiser}}), but also '''German-Roman Emperor''',<ref>''The New International Encyclopรฆdia'', vol. 10 (1927), p. 675. Carlton J. H. Hayes, A Political and Cvltvral History of Modern Europe vol. 1 (1932), p. 225.</ref> was the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[Germanic]], later [[German people|German]] ruler who had also received the title of "[[Roman Emperor|Emperor of the Romans]]" from the [[Pope]] and governed the [[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]], a [[Central European]] union of territories of the Medieval and [[Early Modern]] period. ย | The '''Holy Roman Emperor''' ({{lang-la|Imperator Romanus Sacer}}) or '''Roman-German Emperor''' ({{lang-de|Rรถmisch-deutscher Kaiser}}), but also '''German-Roman Emperor''',<ref>''The New International Encyclopรฆdia'', vol. 10 (1927), p. 675. Carlton J. H. Hayes, A Political and Cvltvral History of Modern Europe vol. 1 (1932), p. 225.</ref> was the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[Germanic]], later [[German people|German]] ruler who had also received the title of "[[Roman Emperor|Emperor of the Romans]]" from the [[Pope]] and governed the [[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]], a [[Central European]] union of territories of the Medieval and [[Early Modern]] period. ย | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
[[File:Reichskrone (HRR).PNG|right|390px]] | [[File:Reichskrone (HRR).PNG|right|390px]] | ||
[[File:Reichskleinodien (Meyers). | [[File:Reichskleinodien (Meyers).png|right|390px]] | ||
By convention the first Emperor was taken to be [[Charlemagne]], king of the [[Frankish Empire]], crowned as [[Western Roman Emperor|Emperor of the West]] by [[Pope Leo III]] on [[December 25]], [[800]], although the Empire itself (as well as the style ''Holy Roman Emperor'') did not come into use until some time later. Holy Roman Emperors were crowned by the [[Pope]]s up until the 16th century, and the last Emperor, [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], abdicated in 1806 during the [[Napoleonic War]]s that saw the Empire's final dissolution. | By convention the first Emperor was taken to be [[Charlemagne]], king of the [[Frankish Empire]], crowned as [[Western Roman Emperor|Emperor of the West]] by [[Pope Leo III]] on [[December 25]], [[800]], although the Empire itself (as well as the style ''Holy Roman Emperor'') did not come into use until some time later. Holy Roman Emperors were crowned by the [[Pope]]s up until the 16th century, and the last Emperor, [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]], abdicated in 1806 during the [[Napoleonic War]]s that saw the Empire's final dissolution. | ||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
==List== | ==List== | ||
[[File:Map of the division of Francia enacted at Verdun in 843.png|thumb|380px|Map of the division of the [[Frankish Empire]] enacted at Verdun in 843; grey was now the "Kingdom of the West Franks", which would be known as France at the end of the Middle Ages, yellow was "Middle Francia" or ''Lotharii Regnum'' (German: ''Mittelreich''), which would soon be swallowed up by the [[Holy Roman Empire]], blue was the "Kingdom of the East Franks" (''Regnum Francorum orientalium''), which would become the [[Kingdom of Germany]]. After 962, when [[Otto the Great]] was crowned emperor, East Francia formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire, which also included the Kingdom of Italy and, after 1032, the [[Kingdom of Burgundy]].]] ย | [[File:Map of the division of Francia enacted at Verdun in 843.png|thumb|380px|Map of the division of the [[Frankish Empire]] enacted at Verdun in 843; grey was now the "Kingdom of the West Franks", which would be known as France at the end of the Middle Ages, yellow was "Middle Francia" or ''Lotharii Regnum'' (German: ''Mittelreich''), which would soon be swallowed up by the [[Holy Roman Empire]], blue was the "Kingdom of the East Franks" (''Regnum Francorum orientalium''), which would become the [[Kingdom of Germany]]. After 962, when [[Otto the Great]] was crowned emperor, East Francia formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire, which also included the Kingdom of Italy and, after 1032, the [[Kingdom of Burgundy]].]] ย | ||
[[File:Map of the Kingdom of the Germans (regnum Teutonicorum) within the Holy Roman Empire, circa 1000. | [[File:Map of the Kingdom of the Germans (regnum Teutonicorum) within the Holy Roman Empire, circa 1000.png|thumb|380px|Map of the [[Kingdom of the Germans]] (''regnum Teutonicorum'') within the [[Holy Roman Empire]], circa 1000]] | ||
* [[Charlemagne|Karl der Groรe]] (Charles I), Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (800โ814), [[Carolingian]] [[King of the Franks]] (768โ814) | * [[Charlemagne|Karl der Groรe]] (Charles I), Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (800โ814), [[Carolingian]] [[King of the Franks]] (768โ814) | ||
* Louis I, the Pious or ''Ludwig der Fromme'', Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (813โ840; co-ruling with his father Charles I for a short time, King of the Franks, King of Italy, King of Aquitaine | * Louis I, the Pious or ''Ludwig der Fromme'', Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (813โ840; co-ruling with his father Charles I for a short time, King of the Franks, King of Italy, King of Aquitaine | ||
Revision as of 13:59, 22 February 2024
The Holy Roman Emperor (Latin:) or Roman-German Emperor (), but also German-Roman Emperor,[1] was the medieval Germanic, later German ruler who had also received the title of "Emperor of the Romans" from the Pope and governed the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, a Central European union of territories of the Medieval and Early Modern period.
History
.PNG){kind=link}
.png){kind=link}
By convention the first Emperor was taken to be Charlemagne, king of the Frankish Empire, crowned as Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III on December 25, 800, although the Empire itself (as well as the style Holy Roman Emperor) did not come into use until some time later. Holy Roman Emperors were crowned by the Popes up until the 16th century, and the last Emperor, Francis II, abdicated in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars that saw the Empire's final dissolution.
The Roman of the Emperor's title was a reflection of the translatio imperii (transfer of rule) principle that regarded the Roman-German Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of Julius Nepos in 480.
Title
The title of Emperor (Imperator) carried with it an important role as protector of the Catholic Church. As the papacy's power grew during the Middle Ages, Popes and emperors came into conflict over church administration. The best-known and bitterest conflict was that known as the Investiture Controversy, fought during the 11th century between Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII.[2]
After Charlemagne was crowned Roman Emperor by the Pope, his successors maintained the title until the death of Berengar I of Italy in 924. No pope appointed an emperor again until the coronation of Otto the Great in 962. Under Otto and his successors, much of the former Carolingian kingdom of Eastern Francia became the Holy Roman Empire. The various German princes elected one of their peers as King of the Germans, after which he would be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope.
The term "sacrum" (i.e. "holy") in connection with the medieval Roman Empire was first used in 1157 under Frederick I Barbarossa.[3]
The standard designation of the Holy Roman Emperor was "August Emperor of the Romans" (Romanorum Imperator Augustus). When Charlemagne was crowned in 800, his was styled as "most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman Empire," thus constituting the elements of "Holy" and "Roman" in the imperial title. The word Holy had never been used as part of that title in official documents.[4]
The word Roman was a reflection of the translatio imperii (transfer of rule) principle that regarded the (Germanic) Holy Roman Emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the Western Roman Empire, a title left unclaimed in the West after the death of Julius Nepos in 480.
List
File:Map of the division of Francia enacted at Verdun in 843.png
Map of the division of the Frankish Empire enacted at Verdun in 843; grey was now the "Kingdom of the West Franks", which would be known as France at the end of the Middle Ages, yellow was "Middle Francia" or Lotharii Regnum (German: Mittelreich), which would soon be swallowed up by the Holy Roman Empire, blue was the "Kingdom of the East Franks" (Regnum Francorum orientalium), which would become the Kingdom of Germany. After 962, when Otto the Great was crowned emperor, East Francia formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire, which also included the Kingdom of Italy and, after 1032, the Kingdom of Burgundy.
File:Map of the Kingdom of the Germans (regnum Teutonicorum) within the Holy Roman Empire, circa 1000.png
_within_the_Holy_Roman_Empire,_circa_1000.png){kind=link}
Map of the Kingdom of the Germans (regnum Teutonicorum) within the Holy Roman Empire, circa 1000
- Karl der Groรe (Charles I), Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (800โ814), Carolingian King of the Franks (768โ814)
- Louis I, the Pious or Ludwig der Fromme, Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (813โ840; co-ruling with his father Charles I for a short time, King of the Franks, King of Italy, King of Aquitaine
- Lothair I, Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (823โ855; co-ruling with his father Louis I until 840), King of Middle Francia, King of Italy
- Louis II or Ludwig der Deutsche, Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (855โ875), King of Italy
- Charles II, Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (875โ77) and King of the West Franks (843โ77)
- Charles III, Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (881โ88), King of the West Franks, King of the East Franks, King of Italy
- Guy I or Wido, Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (891โ94), King of Italy, Duke of Spoleto
- Lambert I or Lambert von Spoleto, Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (892โ98; co-ruling with his father Guy I until 894), King of Italy, Duke of Spoleto
- Arnulph or Arnolf von Kรคrnten, Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (896โ99), King of the East Franks, King of Italy
- Louis III, the Blind or Ludwig III. Bosonides, genannt der Blinde, Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (901โ05), King of Italy, King of Provence
- Berengar I or Berengar I. von Friaul, Emperor of the Western Roman Empire (915โ24), King of Italy, Margrave of Friuli
- There was no Holy Roman Emperor between 924 and 962.
- Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (962โ73) and German King (936โ73)
- Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor (973โ83) and German King (961โ83)
- Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor (996โ1002) and German King (983โ1002)
- Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (1014โ24) and German King (1002โ24), last of the Saxon line
- Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor (1027โ39) and German King (1024โ39), first of the Salian dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire
- Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor (1046โ56) and German King (1039โ56)
- Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1084โ1105) and German King (1056โ1105)
- Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (1111โ25) and German King (1105โ25)
- Lothair II, also called Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor (1133โ37) and German King (1125โ37)
- Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (1155โ90) and German King (1152โ90)
- Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1191โ97) and German King (1190โ97)
- Constance, Holy Roman empress, wife of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI
- Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1209โ15) and German King (1208โ15)
- Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (1220โ50) and German King (1212โ20), King of Sicily (1197โ1250), and King of Jerusalem (1229โ50)
- Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor (1312โ13) and German King (1308โ13)
- Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1328โ47) and German King (1314โ47), Duke of Upper Bavaria
- Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1355โ78), German King (1347โ78), and King of Bohemia (1346โ78)
- Wenceslaus, Holy Roman Emperor (uncrowned) and German King (1378โ1400), King of Bohemia (1378โ1419) as Wenceslaus IV, Elector of Brandenburg (1373โ76)
- Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor (1433โ37), German King (1410โ37), King of Hungary (1387โ1437) and of Bohemia (1419โ37), Elector of Brandenburg (1376โ1415)
- Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor (1452โ93) and German King (1440โ93)
- Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and German King (1493โ1519)
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519โ58) and, as Charles I, King of Spain (1516โ56)
- Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (1558โ64), King of Bohemia (1526โ64) and of Hungary (1526โ64)
- Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1564โ76), King of Bohemia (1562โ76) and of Hungary (1563โ76)
- Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (1576โ1612), King of Bohemia (1575โ1611) and of Hungary (1572โ1608)
- Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor (1612โ19), King of Bohemia (1611โ17) and of Hungary (1608โ18)
- Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (1619โ37), King of Bohemia (1617โ37) and of Hungary (1618โ37)
- Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor (1637โ57), King of Hungary (1626โ57) and of Bohemia (1627โ57)
- Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658โ1705), King of Bohemia (1656โ1705) and of Hungary (1655โ1705)
- Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (1705โ11), King of Hungary (1687โ1711) and of Bohemia (1705โ11)
- Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1711โ40), King of Bohemia (1711โ40) and, as Charles III, King of Hungary (1712โ40)
- Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor (1742โ45) and, as Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria (1726โ45)
- Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (1745โ65), Duke of Lorraine (1729โ37) as Francis Stephen, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1737โ65)
- Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1765โ90), King of Bohemia and Hungary (1780โ90)
- Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (1790โ92), King of Bohemia and Hungary (1790โ92), as Leopold I Grand Duke of Tuscany (1765โ90)
- Francis II, last Holy Roman Emperor (1792โ1806), first Emperor of Austria as Francis I (1804โ35), King of Bohemia and of Hungary (1792โ1835)
See also
External links
References
- โ The New International Encyclopรฆdia, vol. 10 (1927), p. 675. Carlton J. H. Hayes, A Political and Cvltvral History of Modern Europe vol. 1 (1932), p. 225.
- โ History OF The Holy Roman Empire. historyworld. Retrieved on 22 August 2012.
- โ Peter Moraw, Heiliges Reich, in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Munich & Zurich: Artemis 1977-1999, vol. 4, columns 2025-2028.
- โ Bryce, James (1968). The Holy Roman Empire pp. 530 Macmillan.