Unity of science

The unity of science is a thesis in philosophy of science that says that all the sciences form a unified whole. The variants of the thesis can be classified as ontological and/or as epistemic/pragmatic. There are also philosophers who emphasize the disunity of science, which does not necessarily imply that there could be no unity in some sense but does emphasize pluralism in the ontology and/or practice of science. Early versions of the unity of science thesis can be found in ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle, and in the later history of philosophy. For example, in the first half of the 20th century the thesis was associated with the unity of science movement led by Otto Neurath, and in the second half of the century the thesis was advocated by Ludwig von Bertalanffy in "General System Theory: A New Approach to Unity of Science" and by Paul Oppenheim and Hilary Putnam in "Unity of Science as a Working Hypothesis".