Erich Koch
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| Born | 19 June 1896 Elberfeld, German Empire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | 12 November 1986 Barczewo Prison | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Political party | NSDAP | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conviction(s) | alleged war crimes | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Criminal penalty | Death; commuted to life imprisonment | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| colspan="2" style="background-color: #B0C4DE; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" | Military service | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Allegiance | File:Flag of the German Empire.svg German Empire | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Service/branch | File:Iron Cross of the Luftstreitkräfte.png Imperial German Army File:Freikorps Flag.png Freikorps „von Killinger“ / Marine-Brigade „Ehrhardt“ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Years of service | 1915-1918 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Battles/wars | World War I | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Erich Richard Koch (19 June 1896 – 12 Nov 1986) was a German veteran of WWI and the Freikorps as well as National Socialist Gauleiter in East Prussia from 1928 until 1945, Chief of Civil Administration in the Region of Białystok between 1941 and 1945 and Reichskommissar for Ukraine between 1941 and 1944. He was also a member of the Reichstag since 1930 and officer of the SA, at last SA-Obergruppenführer.
Life
Early life and WWI
Koch was born in Elberfeld, today part of Wuppertal, as the son of foreman Gustav Adolf Koch (1862 – 1932) and his wife Henriette, née Matthes (1863 – 1939). In World War I, he served as a soldier from 1915 to the end of the war in 1918. He later fought as a member of Freikorps in Upper Silesia against Polish insurgents.
Weimar Republic
A skilled trader, Koch joined the railway service (Reichsbahn) as an aspirant for the middle level of the civil service. He was dismissed from this position in 1926 for "anti-Weimar Republic activities".
Koch joined the NSDAP in 1922 (member #90). From 1922 he worked in various party positions in the NSDAP-Gau Ruhr. During the Occupation of the Ruhr, he was a member of Albert Leo Schlageter's resistance and was imprisoned several times by the French occupation authorities. In 1927 he became Bezirksführer of the NSDAP in Essen and later the deputy Gauleiter of Gau Ruhr. Koch belonged to the left wing of the party and was a supporter of the faction led by Gregor Strasser.
In 1928, Koch became Gauleiter of the Province of East Prussia and the leader of the NSDAP faction in the provincial diet. From September 1930 he was a member of the Reichstag for East Prussia. After the Machtergreifung (Hitler's accession to power in January 1933), Koch was appointed to the Prussian State Council in July 1933. He became Oberpräsident of East Prussia on 2 June 1933 (acting until September) replacing Wilhelm Kutscher. He thus united under his control the highest party and governmental offices in the province. In November 1938 Koch was appointed SA-Obergruppenführer.
WWII
At the commencement of World War II on 1 September 1939, Koch was appointed Reich Defense Commissioner (Reichsverteidigungskommissar) for Wehrkreis (Military District) I, which comprised East Prussia. In October 1944, he organized the Volkssturm of the east.
- The defence of Königsberg under Infantry General Otto Lasch consisted of four complete divisions and a colourful mixture of battle groups that included Volkssturm, Naval and Police units, Hitler Youth, Technical Emergency units and the fire brigade. They had hardly any ammunition and, apart from the ancient forts, there were no defensive installations. So once more the Volkssturm were set to digging. The Schwalbenberg Labour Battalion from Pillau was also there. The Volkssturm men were conveyed on a goods train and carts to Königsberg. On the 7th April the news spread that the city was now completely surrounded. On the 8th April the Schwalbenberg Labour Battalion was issued with machine guns, carbines and Panzerfausts. Kroll also received a weapon. Punctually at 2100 hours a breakthrough via Ratshof towards Fischerhausen was to be effected to clear a road for the removal of the civilian population. This attack had been proposed to Gauleiter Koch by the Deputy Gauleiter Ferdinand Großherr, as he could see that there was no longer any future in Königsberg. General Lasch had agreed to this proposal, as did General Müller, the former commander of the 4th Army and present commander of the armed forces in the Samland and Königsberg, who also wanted to get whole units to the west. Gauleiter Koch flew with a small staff out of surrounded Königsberg on the 31st January to Heiligenbeil, and then on to Neutief on the Frische Nehrung lagoon, where a command bunker had already been set up for him. From there he sent Hitler his famous telegram: ‘4th Army in flight in the Reich. Cowardly attempt to withdraw to the west. I will continue to defend East Prussia with the Volkssturm.’ This telegram incidentally had two different consequences. The commander of the 4th Army, General Hossbach, was relieved of his command for attempting to effect a junction with the 2nd Army to the west and transferred to the reserve. General Müller took over the command. And the arrogant offer to defend East Prussia with the Volkssturm led to the recruitment of all men under 60 from the treks. In the course of events this changed nothing, but many of them died. General Müller allowed only the evacuation of the civilian population, for which the Volkssturm would provide flank protection, but Fortress Königsberg was to be defended to the last round.[1]
Post-war
After the war, he was captured by British forces in Hamburg in 1949. He was extradited and imprisoned for eight years in Poland before his trial began in 1958. He was convicted in 1959 for claimed crimes in Poland and sentenced to death. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment a year later due to alleged poor health. However, Koch lived for many decades after this. He was never charged for claimed crimes in the Soviet Union, despite allegedly having committed numerous crimes there, Koch being in Communist captivity, and being one of the highest ranking National Socialist officials alive after the Nuremberg trials.
Koch has been argued to have been a Soviet agent who instituted brutal polices in Ukraine in order to cause opposition to and resistance against Germany, and possibly also in order to continue the harsh ant-Ukrainian policy by the Soviet Union (see the article on the Holodomor). This has been argued to provide an explanation for Koch's argued strange and lenient treatment by the Communists during the postwar period. It has been argued that only a direct order by Stalin himself could have prevented the execution of a person of Koch's rank and alleged criminality in the Soviet Union once being in Communist captivity.[2]
Koch appeared in a television report on Königsberg's history in 1986, interviewed by West German journalists in his Polish prison cell. He remained unrepentant to the end, arguing that he would never have surrendered as "it was a matter of honour".
Death
Koch died shortly thereafter in Barczewo prison, Barczewo, People's Republic of Poland (formerly Wartenburg in East Prussia) at the age of 90, as the last German POW to serve a term in Poland. He was buried in an unmarked grave, at the local prison cemetery.
Awards and decorations
- Schlesisches Bewährungsabzeichen, II. Stufe (2nd Grade)
- Allgemeines Gau-Ehrenzeichen "1923"
- Golden Party Badge, 1933
- Ehrenzeichen des Schlageter-Gedächtnis Bundes e. V. for 10 years
- Ehrenkreuz für Frontkämpfer
- Hungarian World War Commemorative Medal (Ungarische Kriegs-Erinnerungs-Medaille) with Swords
- Honour Chevron for the Old Guard (Ehrenwinkel der Alten Kämpfer), 1938
- Ehrenzeichen Gau Ostpreußen, 1938
- NSDAP Long Service Award (Dienstauszeichnung der NSDAP) in Bronze and Silver
- Anschluss Medal (Medaille zur Erinnerung an den 13. März 1938)
- Sudetenland Medal (Medaille zur Erinnerung an den 1. Oktober 1938“)
- Danzig Cross, 1st Class (Danziger Kreuz, I. Klasse)
- Golden HJ Honour Badge with Oak Leaves
- Ehrenzeichen für Deutsche Volkspflege, II. Stufe (2nd Grade)
- War Merit Cross (1939), 2nd and 1st Class
- 1st Class on 21 September 1940
References
- ↑ Egbert Kieser: Prussian Apocalypse – The Fall of Danzig 1945, 2012
- ↑ Why did Stalin save the life of Hitler’s gauleiter in Ukraine who sent to graves 4 million people? http://euromaidanpress.com/2015/03/28/why-did-stalin-save-the-life-of-hitlers-gauleiter-in-ukraine-who-sent-to-graves-4-million-people/