1934 Montreux Fascist conference: Difference between revisions
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== Background == | == Background == | ||
CAUR was a network founded in 1933 by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s Fascist government. CAUR's director was [[Eugenio Coselschi]], and its stated goal was to act as a network for a "Fascist International"<ref name="Stanley G page 105">[[Stanley G. Payne|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105. London, 1999</ref> Major obstacles arose in the organization's attempt to identify a "universal fascism" and the criteria that an organization must fulfil in order to qualify as "fascist".<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. Nevertheless, by April 1934 the network had identified "fascist" movements in 39 countries, including all European countries except [[Yugoslavia]], as well as the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], five countries in [[Asia]] and six in [[Latin America]].<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. As different groups tried to obtain subsidies all manners of conflicts arose on issues such as [[racism]], [[anti-Semitism]], [[corporatism]] and state structure.<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105. | CAUR was a network founded in 1933 by [[Benito Mussolini]]'s Fascist [[government]]. CAUR's director was [[Eugenio Coselschi]], and its stated goal was to act as a network for a "Fascist International"<ref [[name]]="Stanley G page 105">[[Stanley G. Payne|Payne, Stanley G.]] "[[Fascist Italy]] and [[Spain]], 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105. [[London]], 1999</ref> Major obstacles arose in the organization's attempt to identify a "[[universal]] [[fascism]]" and the criteria that an organization must fulfil in order to qualify as "fascist".<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. Nevertheless, by April 1934 the network had identified "fascist" movements in 39 countries, including all [[European]] countries except [[Yugoslavia]], as well as the [[United States]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[South Africa]], five countries in [[Asia]] and six in [[Latin America]].<ref name="Stanley G page 105"/>. As different groups tried to obtain subsidies all manners of conflicts arose on issues such as [[racism]], [[anti-Semitism]], [[corporatism]] and state structure.<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 105. | ||
London, 1999</ref> | London, 1999</ref> | ||
== Participants == | == Participants == | ||
The first world conference of the CAUR convened at Montreux on December 16. Participants from fascist organizations in 13 European countries attended, including [[Ion Mota]] of [[Romania|Romania's]] [[Iron Guard]], [[Vidkun Quisling]] of [[Norway|Norway's]] [[Nasjonal Samling]], [[Gimenez Caballero]] of the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Falange]] movement, [[Eoin O'Duffy]] of the [[Ireland|Irish]] [[Blueshirts]], [[Marcel Bucard]] of the [[France|French]] ''[[Mouvement Franciste]]''<ref>Bingham, John. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_n3_v29/ai_n28645496/?tag=content;col1 Defining French Fascism, Finding Fascists in France]". Canadian Journal of History, Dec. 1994.</ref>, representatives from [[Lithuania|Lithuania's]] [[Tautininkai]]<ref name=Griffin>Griffin, Roger. ''The Nature of Fascism'' St. Martin's Press, New York. 1991, page 121</ref>, the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Acรงรฃo Escolar Vanguarda]] (''Vanguard School'' Action, with observer status), headed by [[Antรณnio Eรงa de Queiroz]] (son of [[Eรงa de Queiroz|the famous writer]], and future head of the Emissora Nacional, the National Radio Station of Portugal)<ref>Cordeiro, Filipe. [http://www.angelfire.com/pq/unica/forum_arquivo_1_ns_en.htm Nacional Sindicalismo / Estado Novo / ]. Unica Semper Avis, website of the Causa Real (federation of Portuguese Monarchist associations), 18/10/2001 09:58:07 PM</ref>, as well as delegates from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, the Netherlands and Switzerland. | The first world conference of the CAUR convened at Montreux on December 16. Participants from fascist organizations in 13 European countries attended, including [[Ion Mota]] of [[Romania|Romania's]] [[Iron Guard]], [[Vidkun Quisling]] of [[Norway|Norway's]] [[Nasjonal Samling]], [[Gimenez Caballero]] of the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Falange]] movement, [[Eoin O'Duffy]] of the [[Ireland|Irish]] [[Blueshirts]], [[Marcel Bucard]] of the [[France|French]] ''[[Mouvement Franciste]]''<ref>Bingham, John. "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_n3_v29/ai_n28645496/?tag=content;col1 Defining French Fascism, Finding Fascists in France]". Canadian Journal of [[History]], Dec. 1994.</ref>, representatives from [[Lithuania|Lithuania's]] [[Tautininkai]]<ref name=[[Griffin]]>Griffin, Roger. ''The [[Nature]] of Fascism'' St. Martin's Press, New York. 1991, page 121</ref>, the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] [[Acรงรฃo Escolar Vanguarda]] (''Vanguard School'' Action, with observer status), headed by [[Antรณnio Eรงa de Queiroz]] (son of [[Eรงa de Queiroz|the famous writer]], and future head of the Emissora Nacional, the National Radio Station of [[Portugal]])<ref>Cordeiro, Filipe. [http://www.angelfire.com/pq/unica/forum_arquivo_1_ns_en.htm Nacional Sindicalismo / Estado Novo / ]. Unica Semper Avis, website of the Causa [[Real]] (federation of Portuguese Monarchist associations), 18/10/2001 09:58:07 PM</ref>, as well as delegates from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, [[Greece]], the Netherlands and Switzerland. | ||
Notable in their absence were any representatives from [[National Socialist Germany]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing">"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754480,00.html Pax Romanizing]". TIME Magazine, Dec. 31, 1934</ref>. The conference in Montreux occurred only six months after the assassination of the antifascist Austrian chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] by German agents and the resulting diplomatic [[Benito Mussolini#Rome-Berlin_relations|crisis]] between [[Italy]] and [[Germany]]. Likewise, Mussolini did not allow any official representative of the Italian [[Fascist Party]] attend the meeting, ostensibly in order to see what the conference could achieve before lending full official support<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]], while allowing members of the [[Falange]] to participate, stated that the Falange as an organization would not be represented, as the ''CAUR'' was "not a Fascist movement"<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 106. London, 1999</ref>. Other notable absences included the Austrian [[Ernst Rudiger von Starhemberg]] and [[Oswald Mosley]] of [[Great Britain]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. | Notable in their absence were any representatives from [[National Socialist Germany]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing">"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,754480,00.html Pax Romanizing]". [[Time|TIME]] Magazine, Dec. 31, 1934</ref>. The conference in Montreux occurred only six months after the assassination of the antifascist Austrian chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] by [[German]] agents and the resulting diplomatic [[Benito Mussolini#Rome-Berlin_relations|crisis]] between [[Italy]] and [[Germany]]. Likewise, [[Mussolini]] did not allow any official representative of the [[Italian]] [[Fascist Party]] attend the meeting, ostensibly in order to see what the conference could achieve before lending full official support<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]], while allowing members of the [[Falange]] to participate, stated that the Falange as an organization would not be represented, as the ''CAUR'' was "not a Fascist movement"<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 106. London, 1999</ref>. Other notable absences included the Austrian [[Ernst Rudiger von Starhemberg]] and [[Oswald Mosley]] of [[Great Britain]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. | ||
== Proceedings == | == Proceedings == | ||
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Mota, supported by the Danish and Swiss delegates, likewise created a rift by underlining the centrality of anti-Semitism to fascist movements, a move opposed by Coselschi and O'Duffy<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. | Mota, supported by the Danish and Swiss delegates, likewise created a rift by underlining the centrality of anti-Semitism to fascist movements, a move opposed by Coselschi and O'Duffy<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. | ||
On the matter of [[anti-Semitism]], several compromise resolutions were adopted. These declared that "the [[ | On the [[matter]] of [[anti-Semitism]], several compromise resolutions were adopted. These declared that "the [[jewish question]] cannot be converted into a universal campaign of hatred against the [[jews]]," while also stating that "Considering that in many places certain groups of jews are installed in conquered countries, exercising in an open and occult manner an influence injurious to the material and [[moral]] interests of the country which harbors them, constituting a sort of state within a state, profiting by all benefits and refusing all duties, considering that they have furnished and are inclined to furnish, elements conducive to international [[revolution]] which would be destructive to the [[idea]] of [[patriotism]] and [[Christian]] [[civilization]], the Conference denounces the nefarious action of these elements and is ready to combat them."<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. | ||
The delegates at the conference also unanimously declared their opposition to [[Communist]] movements and the [[Third International]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. | The delegates at the conference also unanimously declared their opposition to [[Communist]] movements and the [[Third International]]<ref name="Pax Romanizing"/>. | ||
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A second and final conference was held in Montreux in April 1935. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]] did make a brief appearance at this conference, using the opportunity to express sympathies with the movement while stating that Spain was not ready to participate in any venture of international fascism, because his movement was ''estrictamente nacional'', ''strictly national''<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 107. London, 1999</ref>. | A second and final conference was held in Montreux in April 1935. [[Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera]] did make a brief appearance at this conference, using the opportunity to express sympathies with the movement while stating that Spain was not ready to participate in any venture of international fascism, because his movement was ''estrictamente nacional'', ''strictly national''<ref>[[Stanley G. Payne|Payne, Stanley G.]] "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". ''Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898'', Raanan Rein, ed. page 107. London, 1999</ref>. | ||
The conference was not able to bridge the gulf between those participants who proposed achieving national integration by a [[corporatism|corporative]] socio-economic policy and those who favored an appeal to race<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158">Cassels, Alan. ''Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World'' Routledge, New York. page 158</ref>. Pretensions to "universal fascism" could not survive this rift, and the movement did not meet its goal of acting as a counterbalance to international communism<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158"/>. | The conference was not able to bridge the gulf between those participants who proposed achieving national [[integration]] by a [[corporatism|corporative]] socio-economic policy and those who favored an appeal to [[race]]<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158">Cassels, Alan. ''[[Ideology]] and International Relations in the Modern World'' Routledge, New York. page 158</ref>. Pretensions to "universal fascism" could not survive this rift, and the movement did not meet its goal of acting as a counterbalance to international [[communism]]<ref name="Cassels, Alan page 158"/>. | ||
The ''CAUR'' did not win official endorsement from the Italian Fascist Party or the Spanish Falange. It was unsuccessful presenting a commonly-agreed definition as to what "fascism" was, and was unsuccessful in uniting most major fascist parties into one international movement. | The ''CAUR'' did not win official endorsement from the Italian Fascist Party or the [[Spanish Falange]]. It was unsuccessful presenting a commonly-agreed definition as to what "fascism" was, and was unsuccessful in uniting most major fascist parties into one international movement. | ||
== Footnotes == | == Footnotes == | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[List of | * [[List of Fascist 'Internationals']] | ||
{{wikipedia}} | {{wikipedia}} | ||
[[Category:Fascism]] | [[Category:Fascism]] | ||
Latest revision as of 13:56, 28 April 2024
The Fascist International Congress was a meeting held by deputies from a number of European Fascist organizations. The conference was held on December 16-17, 1934 in Montreux, Switzerland. The conference was organized and chaired by Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalita di Roma (CAUR), or the Action Committees for the Universality of Rome.
Background
CAUR was a network founded in 1933 by Benito Mussolini's Fascist government. CAUR's director was Eugenio Coselschi, and its stated goal was to act as a network for a "Fascist International"[1] Major obstacles arose in the organization's attempt to identify a "universal fascism" and the criteria that an organization must fulfil in order to qualify as "fascist".[2]. Nevertheless, by April 1934 the network had identified "fascist" movements in 39 countries, including all European countries except Yugoslavia, as well as the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa, five countries in Asia and six in Latin America.[2]. As different groups tried to obtain subsidies all manners of conflicts arose on issues such as racism, anti-Semitism, corporatism and state structure.[3]
Participants
The first world conference of the CAUR convened at Montreux on December 16. Participants from fascist organizations in 13 European countries attended, including Ion Mota of Romania's Iron Guard, Vidkun Quisling of Norway's Nasjonal Samling, Gimenez Caballero of the Spanish Falange movement, Eoin O'Duffy of the Irish Blueshirts, Marcel Bucard of the French Mouvement Franciste[4], representatives from Lithuania's Tautininkai[5], the Portuguese Acรงรฃo Escolar Vanguarda (Vanguard School Action, with observer status), headed by Antรณnio Eรงa de Queiroz (son of the famous writer, and future head of the Emissora Nacional, the National Radio Station of Portugal)[6], as well as delegates from Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, the Netherlands and Switzerland.
Notable in their absence were any representatives from National Socialist Germany[7]. The conference in Montreux occurred only six months after the assassination of the antifascist Austrian chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss by German agents and the resulting diplomatic crisis between Italy and Germany. Likewise, Mussolini did not allow any official representative of the Italian Fascist Party attend the meeting, ostensibly in order to see what the conference could achieve before lending full official support[7]. Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, while allowing members of the Falange to participate, stated that the Falange as an organization would not be represented, as the CAUR was "not a Fascist movement"[8]. Other notable absences included the Austrian Ernst Rudiger von Starhemberg and Oswald Mosley of Great Britain[7].
Proceedings
From the outset, the conference was marred by serious conflicts between the participants. Coselschi, acting as President of the Conference, clashed with Quisling over the importance of National Socialist Germany to international fascism[7]. Mota, supported by the Danish and Swiss delegates, likewise created a rift by underlining the centrality of anti-Semitism to fascist movements, a move opposed by Coselschi and O'Duffy[7].
On the matter of anti-Semitism, several compromise resolutions were adopted. These declared that "the jewish question cannot be converted into a universal campaign of hatred against the jews," while also stating that "Considering that in many places certain groups of jews are installed in conquered countries, exercising in an open and occult manner an influence injurious to the material and moral interests of the country which harbors them, constituting a sort of state within a state, profiting by all benefits and refusing all duties, considering that they have furnished and are inclined to furnish, elements conducive to international revolution which would be destructive to the idea of patriotism and Christian civilization, the Conference denounces the nefarious action of these elements and is ready to combat them."[7].
The delegates at the conference also unanimously declared their opposition to Communist movements and the Third International[7].
Results
A second and final conference was held in Montreux in April 1935. Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera did make a brief appearance at this conference, using the opportunity to express sympathies with the movement while stating that Spain was not ready to participate in any venture of international fascism, because his movement was estrictamente nacional, strictly national[9].
The conference was not able to bridge the gulf between those participants who proposed achieving national integration by a corporative socio-economic policy and those who favored an appeal to race[10]. Pretensions to "universal fascism" could not survive this rift, and the movement did not meet its goal of acting as a counterbalance to international communism[10].
The CAUR did not win official endorsement from the Italian Fascist Party or the Spanish Falange. It was unsuccessful presenting a commonly-agreed definition as to what "fascism" was, and was unsuccessful in uniting most major fascist parties into one international movement.
Footnotes
- โ Payne, Stanley G. "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898, Raanan Rein, ed. page 105. London, 1999
- โ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedStanley G page 105 - โ Payne, Stanley G. "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898, Raanan Rein, ed. page 105. London, 1999
- โ Bingham, John. "Defining French Fascism, Finding Fascists in France". Canadian Journal of History, Dec. 1994.
- โ Griffin, Roger. The Nature of Fascism St. Martin's Press, New York. 1991, page 121
- โ Cordeiro, Filipe. Nacional Sindicalismo / Estado Novo / . Unica Semper Avis, website of the Causa Real (federation of Portuguese Monarchist associations), 18/10/2001 09:58:07 PM
- โ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 "Pax Romanizing". TIME Magazine, Dec. 31, 1934
- โ Payne, Stanley G. "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898, Raanan Rein, ed. page 106. London, 1999
- โ Payne, Stanley G. "Fascist Italy and Spain, 1922-1945". Spain and the Mediterranean Since 1898, Raanan Rein, ed. page 107. London, 1999
- โ 10.0 10.1 Cassels, Alan. Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World Routledge, New York. page 158
See also
This article is not based.
Its weak and faggy. Somebody copied it over from some woke SJW source, and now its namby-pamby wording is gaying up our program.