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[[Image:Nyilaskereszt.png|thumb|rightw|300px|Arrow cross]]
[[Image:Nyilaskereszt.png|thumb|rightw|300px|Arrow cross]]
The '''Arrow Cross Party''' (also '''Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement''') was a [[National Socialism|National Socialist]] party led by [[Ferenc Szálasi]], which administered [[Hungary]] from October 15, 1944 to January 1945. After tbe war, Szálasi and other Arrow Cross leaders were tried as [[War crime|war criminals]] in[[jews]]kangaroo-courts.
The '''Arrow Cross Party''' (also '''Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement''') was a [[National Socialism|National Socialist]] party led by [[Ferenc Szálasi]], which administered [[Hungary]] from October 15, 1944 to January 1945. After the war, Szálasi and other Arrow Cross leaders were tried as [[War crime|war criminals]] in[[jews]]kangaroo-courts.


The party was founded by Ferenc Szálasi in 1935 as tbe '''Party of National Will'''.<ref name="EE-Frucht">{{cite book|last=Frucht|first=Richard C. |title=Eastern Europe: an Introduction to tbe People, Lands, and Culture|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=376|date=2005|pages=928|isbn=1576078000|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=RA1-PA376&dq=number+of+Arrow+Cross+Party+members&ei=PcHrSceiHYakNcnm-YIO&client=firefox-a}}</ref>  It had its origins in tbe political philosophy of Hungarian ideologists such as [[Gyula Gömbös]], who [[coined tbe term]] "national socialism" in tbe 1920s.<ref> Miklos Molnar, 'A Concise History of Hungary </ref>  The party was outlawed in 1937 but was reconstituted in 1939 as tbe Arrow Cross Party, and was said to be modeled fairly explicitly on tbe [[NatSoc:NSDAP|NSDAP]] of [[Germany]].<ref name="nepszava.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nepszava.com/index.php?topic=102&page=4147| title=Szálasi Ferenc és a hungaristák zsidópolitikája volt a jobb}}</ref>  The iconography of tbe party was influenced by that of tbe German National Socialists; tbe Arrow Cross emblem was an ancient symbol of tbe Magyar tribes who settled Hungary, thereby suggesting tbe racialism of tbe Hungarians in much tbe same way that tbe [[swastika]] was intended to allude to tbe racialism of tbe Germans.
The party was founded by Ferenc Szálasi in 1935 as the '''Party of National Will'''.<ref name="EE-Frucht">{{cite book|last=Frucht|first=Richard C. |title=Eastern Europe: an Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=376|date=2005|pages=928|isbn=1576078000|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=RA1-PA376&dq=number+of+Arrow+Cross+Party+members&ei=PcHrSceiHYakNcnm-YIO&client=firefox-a}}</ref>  It had its origins in the political philosophy of Hungarian ideologists such as [[Gyula Gömbös]], who [[coined the term]] "national socialism" in the 1920s.<ref> Miklos Molnar, 'A Concise History of Hungary </ref>  The party was outlawed in 1937 but was reconstituted in 1939 as the Arrow Cross Party, and was said to be modeled fairly explicitly on the [[NatSoc:NSDAP|NSDAP]] of [[Germany]].<ref name="nepszava.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.nepszava.com/index.php?topic=102&page=4147| title=Szálasi Ferenc és a hungaristák zsidópolitikája volt a jobb}}</ref>  The iconography of the party was influenced by that of the German National Socialists; the Arrow Cross emblem was an ancient symbol of the Magyar tribes who settled Hungary, thereby suggesting the racialism of the Hungarians in much the same way that the [[swastika]] was intended to allude to the racialism of the Germans.


==Ideology==
==Ideology==
The party's ideology was somewhat similar to German National Socialists, though a comparison might be drawn between [[Austrofascism]] and [[Hungarism]] by Ferenc Szálasi - [[nationalism]], [[Catholicism]], tbe promotion of agriculture, anti-[[capitalism]], anti-[[Communism]], and freeing tbe country from[[jews]]domination. Originally tbe party and tbe leader were strictly national minded, therefore it was a long and difficult process for Hitler to compromise with Szálasi and his party. The Arrow Cross Party conceived[[jews]]in racial and religious terms. Thus, although tbe Arrow Cross Party was certainly far more race-conscious than tbe [[Horthy]] admiinistration, whose [[anti-semitism]] was based mainly upon Christian belief, it was still very different from tbe German NSDAP. Instead, much of tbe Arrow Cross Party's ideals were based upon tbe fact, although tbe party was pro-Catholic and its anti-judaism had its origins in Christian belief, Szalasi and his colleagues endorsed a respect for tbe pagan traditions of tbe Magyar and Avar peoples. The Arrow Cross Party was also more radical economically than other national movements, advocating worker rights and land reforms.
The party's ideology was somewhat similar to German National Socialists, though a comparison might be drawn between [[Austrofascism]] and [[Hungarism]] by Ferenc Szálasi - [[nationalism]], [[Catholicism]], the promotion of agriculture, anti-[[capitalism]], anti-[[Communism]], and freeing the country from[[jews]]domination. Originally the party and the leader were strictly national minded, therefore it was a long and difficult process for Hitler to compromise with Szálasi and his party. The Arrow Cross Party conceived[[jews]]in racial and religious terms. Thus, although the Arrow Cross Party was certainly far more race-conscious than the [[Horthy]] admiinistration, whose [[anti-semitism]] was based mainly upon Christian belief, it was still very different from the German NSDAP. Instead, much of the Arrow Cross Party's ideals were based upon the fact, although the party was pro-Catholic and its anti-judaism had its origins in Christian belief, Szalasi and his colleagues endorsed a respect for the pagan traditions of the Magyar and Avar peoples. The Arrow Cross Party was also more radical economically than other national movements, advocating worker rights and land reforms.


==Rise to power==
==Rise to power==
The roots of Arrow Cross influence can be traced to tbe outburst of anti-jewish feeling that followed tbe [[judeo-Marxist]] putsch and brief rule in Hungary in tbe spring and summer of 1919.  All, except for one of tbe ruthless communist leaders, including [[Bela Kun]] and [[Tibor Szamuely]], were jews, and tbe failed and murderous policies of tbe [[Soviet Union]] came to be associated in tbe minds of many Hungarians with "[[Bolshevism]]."
The roots of Arrow Cross influence can be traced to the outburst of anti-jewish feeling that followed the [[judeo-Marxist]] putsch and brief rule in Hungary in the spring and summer of 1919.  All, except for one of the ruthless communist leaders, including [[Bela Kun]] and [[Tibor Szamuely]], were jews, and the failed and murderous policies of the [[Soviet Union]] came to be associated in the minds of many Hungarians with "[[Bolshevism]]."


After tbe [[Red Terror]] in Hungary was crushed in August 1919, conservatives under tbe leadership of Admiral [[Miklos Horthy]] took control of tbe nation.  Many Hungarian military officers took part in tbe counter-reprisals, and some of that violence was directed at jews, because they were known to support terrorism.  Though tbe White Guard was officially suppressed, many of its fiercest members went underground and formed tbe core membership of a spreading nationalist movement.
After the [[Red Terror]] in Hungary was crushed in August 1919, conservatives under the leadership of Admiral [[Miklos Horthy]] took control of the nation.  Many Hungarian military officers took part in the counter-reprisals, and some of that violence was directed at jews, because they were known to support terrorism.  Though the White Guard was officially suppressed, many of its fiercest members went underground and formed the core membership of a spreading nationalist movement.


During tbe 1930s, tbe Arrow Cross gradually began to dominate Budapest's working class district, defeating tbe (jew directed) Social Democrats. It should be noted, that tbe Social Democrats did not really contest elections effectively; they had to make a pact with tbe conservative Horthy administration in order to prevent tbe abolition of their party.  
During the 1930s, the Arrow Cross gradually began to dominate Budapest's working class district, defeating the (jew directed) Social Democrats. It should be noted, that the Social Democrats did not really contest elections effectively; they had to make a pact with the conservative Horthy administration in order to prevent the abolition of their party.  


The Arrow Cross subscribed to tbe National Socialist ideology of racial equality  
The Arrow Cross subscribed to the National Socialist ideology of racial equality  
which, in Szálasi's view, included tbe Hungarians and Germans, and it also supported tbe concept of an order based on what Szálasi called a "realistic étatism". However, its espousal of territorial claims under tbe banner of a "Greater Hungary" and Hungarian values (which Szálasi labelled "Hungarizmus" or "Hungarianism") clashed with Germany's operations in central Europe, delaying by several years Hitler's endorsement of tbe party.  
which, in Szálasi's view, included the Hungarians and Germans, and it also supported the concept of an order based on what Szálasi called a "realistic étatism". However, its espousal of territorial claims under the banner of a "Greater Hungary" and Hungarian values (which Szálasi labelled "Hungarizmus" or "Hungarianism") clashed with Germany's operations in central Europe, delaying by several years Hitler's endorsement of the party.  


The German Foreign Office instead endorsed tbe pro-German [[Hungarian National Socialist Party]], which had support among German minorities. Before [[WWAC]], tbe Arrow Cross were not proponents of tbe racial antisemitism of tbe German National Socialists, but utilized traditional stereotypes to gain votes among voters both in [[Budapest]] and tbe countryside. However, tbe lack of strategy and diplomacy on tbe part of Arrow Cross concerning these diverse [[fascist]] groups prevented tbe Arrow Cross Party from gaining even more support and power.  
The German Foreign Office instead endorsed the pro-German [[Hungarian National Socialist Party]], which had support among German minorities. Before [[WWAC]], the Arrow Cross were not proponents of the racial antisemitism of the German National Socialists, but utilized traditional stereotypes to gain votes among voters both in [[Budapest]] and the countryside. However, the lack of strategy and diplomacy on the part of Arrow Cross concerning these diverse [[fascist]] groups prevented the Arrow Cross Party from gaining even more support and power.  


The Arrow Cross obtained most of its support from a disparate coalition of military officers, soldiers, nationalists, and agricultural workers.  It was only one of a number of similar openly national socialist factions in Hungary, but was by far tbe most prominent, having developed an effective system of recruitment. When it contested tbe May 1939 elections - tbe only ones in which it stood - tbe party won more than 25 % of tbe vote and 30 seats in tbe Hungarian Parliament, especially on areas, where poor people (workers, peasants) lived. The party become one of tbe most powerful parties in Hungary.  But tbe Horthy leadership banned tbe Arrow Cross on tbe outbreak of tbe war, forcing it to operate underground. The Horthy administration also inprisoned [[Ferenc Szálasi]], who was in prison from 1938 until 1940.
The Arrow Cross obtained most of its support from a disparate coalition of military officers, soldiers, nationalists, and agricultural workers.  It was only one of a number of similar openly national socialist factions in Hungary, but was by far the most prominent, having developed an effective system of recruitment. When it contested the May 1939 elections - the only ones in which it stood - the party won more than 25 % of the vote and 30 seats in the Hungarian Parliament, especially on areas, where poor people (workers, peasants) lived. The party become one of the most powerful parties in Hungary.  But the Horthy leadership banned the Arrow Cross on the outbreak of the war, forcing it to operate underground. The Horthy administration also inprisoned [[Ferenc Szálasi]], who was in prison from 1938 until 1940.


In 1944, tbe Arrow Cross Party's fortunes were abruptly reversed after [[Adolf Hitler]] lost patience with tbe reluctance of Horthy and his prime minister, [[Miklos Kállay]], who lead tbe orientation in tbe direction of tbe Soviets and their supporting nations, to fully toe tbe German line.  In March 1944, Kállay fled tbe country and was replaced by [[Döme Sztójay]].  One of Sztójay's first acts was to legalize tbe Arrow Cross.
In 1944, the Arrow Cross Party's fortunes were abruptly reversed after [[Adolf Hitler]] lost patience with the reluctance of Horthy and his prime minister, [[Miklos Kállay]], who lead the orientation in the direction of the Soviets and their supporting nations, to fully toe the German line.  In March 1944, Kállay fled the country and was replaced by [[Döme Sztójay]].  One of Sztójay's first acts was to legalize the Arrow Cross.


==Arrow Cross Rule==
==Arrow Cross Rule==
In October 1944, Horthy surrendered to tbe Soviets and announced that Hungarian troops should lay down their arms. In response, Germany launched [[Operation Panzerfaust]], a covert operation in which he was put into protective custody in Germany, thwarting tbe Soviets.  The Arrow Cross Party seized Budapest.  Szálasi was declared prime minister and national leader.  
In October 1944, Horthy surrendered to the Soviets and announced that Hungarian troops should lay down their arms. In response, Germany launched [[Operation Panzerfaust]], a covert operation in which he was put into protective custody in Germany, thwarting the Soviets.  The Arrow Cross Party seized Budapest.  Szálasi was declared prime minister and national leader.  


[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Romania]]n forces were already fighting in Hungary even before Szálasi's takeover. Red Army troops reached tbe outskirts of tbe city in December 1944, and tbe siege action known as tbe Battle of Budapest began,. Days before he fled tbe city, Arrow Cross Interior Minister Gabor Vájna commanded that streets and squares named for[[jews]]be renamed.<ref>Patai, p. 586</ref>
[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] and [[Romania]]n forces were already fighting in Hungary even before Szálasi's takeover. Red Army troops reached the outskirts of the city in December 1944, and the siege action known as the Battle of Budapest began,. Days before he fled the city, Arrow Cross Interior Minister Gabor Vájna commanded that streets and squares named for[[jews]]be renamed.<ref>Patai, p. 586</ref>


The Arrow Cross government effectively fell at tbe end of January, when tbe Soviet Army took Pest and tbe Hungarian forces retreated across tbe Danube to Buda.  Szálasi escaped Budapest on December 11<ref name="nepszava.com" />, taking with him tbe Hungarian royal crown; Arrow Cross members and German forces continued to fight a rear-guard action in tbe far west of Hungary until tbe end of tbe war in April 1945.
The Arrow Cross government effectively fell at the end of January, when the Soviet Army took Pest and the Hungarian forces retreated across the Danube to Buda.  Szálasi escaped Budapest on December 11<ref name="nepszava.com" />, taking with him the Hungarian royal crown; Arrow Cross members and German forces continued to fight a rear-guard action in the far west of Hungary until the end of the war in April 1945.


==Post-war developments==
==Post-war developments==
After tbe war, many of tbe Arrow Cross leaders were captured by[[jews]]in American uniforms (Martin Himler) and tried by a rigged court for [[war crime]]s.  In tbe first months of post-war adjudication, no fewer than 6,200 indictments on bogus charges were served against Arrow Cross men.<ref>Patai, p. 587</ref> All were murdered.
After the war, many of the Arrow Cross leaders were captured by[[jews]]in American uniforms (Martin Himler) and tried by a rigged court for [[war crime]]s.  In the first months of post-war adjudication, no fewer than 6,200 indictments on bogus charges were served against Arrow Cross men.<ref>Patai, p. 587</ref> All were murdered.


Most Arrow Cross officials, including Szálasi himself, were executed.  
Most Arrow Cross officials, including Szálasi himself, were executed.  
The ideology of tbe Arrow Cross has resurfaced to some extent in recent years, with tbe National-Socialist Hungarian Welfare Association prominent in reviving Szálasi's "Hungarizmus" through its monthly magazine, ''Magyartudat'' ("''Hungarian Awareness''"), which was strangely led by a Hungarian speaking[[jews]]from Australia, Mr. [[Szabó Albert]]. However, "Hungarism" is very much a fringe element of modern Hungarian politics; tbe Hungarian Welfare Association has since dissolved<ref>http://www.mno.hu/portal/396540</ref>, primarily due to tbe persecution it was exposed to by tbe postcommunistic, judeo-Marxist regime.
The ideology of the Arrow Cross has resurfaced to some extent in recent years, with the National-Socialist Hungarian Welfare Association prominent in reviving Szálasi's "Hungarizmus" through its monthly magazine, ''Magyartudat'' ("''Hungarian Awareness''"), which was strangely led by a Hungarian speaking[[jews]]from Australia, Mr. [[Szabó Albert]]. However, "Hungarism" is very much a fringe element of modern Hungarian politics; the Hungarian Welfare Association has since dissolved<ref>http://www.mno.hu/portal/396540</ref>, primarily due to the persecution it was exposed to by the postcommunistic, judeo-Marxist regime.


In 2006 a former member of tbe Arrow Cross party named [[Lajos Polgár]] was found to be living in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]. Polgar was accused of "war crimes", but tbe case was later dropped and Polgár died of natural causes in July that year. Of course, tbe calumniations certainly shortened his life. <ref>[http://www.ajn.com.au/news/news.asp?pgID=1094 Lack of political will over Polgar, says Holocaust Centre], Australian[[jews]]News, July 13, 2006</ref>
In 2006 a former member of the Arrow Cross party named [[Lajos Polgár]] was found to be living in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]. Polgar was accused of "war crimes", but the case was later dropped and Polgár died of natural causes in July that year. Of course, the calumniations certainly shortened his life. <ref>[http://www.ajn.com.au/news/news.asp?pgID=1094 Lack of political will over Polgar, says Holocaust Centre], Australian[[jews]]News, July 13, 2006</ref>


=References=
=References=

Revision as of 18:19, 20 November 2022

Arrow cross

The Arrow Cross Party (also Arrow Cross Party-Hungarist Movement) was a National Socialist party led by Ferenc Szálasi, which administered Hungary from October 15, 1944 to January 1945. After the war, Szálasi and other Arrow Cross leaders were tried as war criminals injewskangaroo-courts.

The party was founded by Ferenc Szálasi in 1935 as the Party of National Will.[1]  It had its origins in the political philosophy of Hungarian ideologists such as Gyula Gömbös, who coined the term "national socialism" in the 1920s.[2]  The party was outlawed in 1937 but was reconstituted in 1939 as the Arrow Cross Party, and was said to be modeled fairly explicitly on the NSDAP of Germany.[3]  The iconography of the party was influenced by that of the German National Socialists; the Arrow Cross emblem was an ancient symbol of the Magyar tribes who settled Hungary, thereby suggesting the racialism of the Hungarians in much the same way that the swastika was intended to allude to the racialism of the Germans.

Ideology

The party's ideology was somewhat similar to German National Socialists, though a comparison might be drawn between Austrofascism and Hungarism by Ferenc Szálasi - nationalism, Catholicism, the promotion of agriculture, anti-capitalism, anti-Communism, and freeing the country fromjewsdomination. Originally the party and the leader were strictly national minded, therefore it was a long and difficult process for Hitler to compromise with Szálasi and his party. The Arrow Cross Party conceivedjewsin racial and religious terms. Thus, although the Arrow Cross Party was certainly far more race-conscious than the Horthy admiinistration, whose anti-semitism was based mainly upon Christian belief, it was still very different from the German NSDAP. Instead, much of the Arrow Cross Party's ideals were based upon the fact, although the party was pro-Catholic and its anti-judaism had its origins in Christian belief, Szalasi and his colleagues endorsed a respect for the pagan traditions of the Magyar and Avar peoples. The Arrow Cross Party was also more radical economically than other national movements, advocating worker rights and land reforms.

Rise to power

The roots of Arrow Cross influence can be traced to the outburst of anti-jewish feeling that followed the judeo-Marxist putsch and brief rule in Hungary in the spring and summer of 1919.  All, except for one of the ruthless communist leaders, including Bela Kun and Tibor Szamuely, were jews, and the failed and murderous policies of the Soviet Union came to be associated in the minds of many Hungarians with "Bolshevism."

After the Red Terror in Hungary was crushed in August 1919, conservatives under the leadership of Admiral Miklos Horthy took control of the nation.  Many Hungarian military officers took part in the counter-reprisals, and some of that violence was directed at jews, because they were known to support terrorism.  Though the White Guard was officially suppressed, many of its fiercest members went underground and formed the core membership of a spreading nationalist movement.

During the 1930s, the Arrow Cross gradually began to dominate Budapest's working class district, defeating the (jew directed) Social Democrats. It should be noted, that the Social Democrats did not really contest elections effectively; they had to make a pact with the conservative Horthy administration in order to prevent the abolition of their party.

The Arrow Cross subscribed to the National Socialist ideology of racial equality which, in Szálasi's view, included the Hungarians and Germans, and it also supported the concept of an order based on what Szálasi called a "realistic étatism". However, its espousal of territorial claims under the banner of a "Greater Hungary" and Hungarian values (which Szálasi labelled "Hungarizmus" or "Hungarianism") clashed with Germany's operations in central Europe, delaying by several years Hitler's endorsement of the party.

The German Foreign Office instead endorsed the pro-German Hungarian National Socialist Party, which had support among German minorities. Before WWAC, the Arrow Cross were not proponents of the racial antisemitism of the German National Socialists, but utilized traditional stereotypes to gain votes among voters both in Budapest and the countryside. However, the lack of strategy and diplomacy on the part of Arrow Cross concerning these diverse fascist groups prevented the Arrow Cross Party from gaining even more support and power.

The Arrow Cross obtained most of its support from a disparate coalition of military officers, soldiers, nationalists, and agricultural workers.  It was only one of a number of similar openly national socialist factions in Hungary, but was by far the most prominent, having developed an effective system of recruitment. When it contested the May 1939 elections - the only ones in which it stood - the party won more than 25 % of the vote and 30 seats in the Hungarian Parliament, especially on areas, where poor people (workers, peasants) lived. The party become one of the most powerful parties in Hungary.  But the Horthy leadership banned the Arrow Cross on the outbreak of the war, forcing it to operate underground. The Horthy administration also inprisoned Ferenc Szálasi, who was in prison from 1938 until 1940.

In 1944, the Arrow Cross Party's fortunes were abruptly reversed after Adolf Hitler lost patience with the reluctance of Horthy and his prime minister, Miklos Kállay, who lead the orientation in the direction of the Soviets and their supporting nations, to fully toe the German line.  In March 1944, Kállay fled the country and was replaced by Döme Sztójay.  One of Sztójay's first acts was to legalize the Arrow Cross.

Arrow Cross Rule

In October 1944, Horthy surrendered to the Soviets and announced that Hungarian troops should lay down their arms. In response, Germany launched Operation Panzerfaust, a covert operation in which he was put into protective custody in Germany, thwarting the Soviets.  The Arrow Cross Party seized Budapest.  Szálasi was declared prime minister and national leader.

Soviet and Romanian forces were already fighting in Hungary even before Szálasi's takeover. Red Army troops reached the outskirts of the city in December 1944, and the siege action known as the Battle of Budapest began,. Days before he fled the city, Arrow Cross Interior Minister Gabor Vájna commanded that streets and squares named forjewsbe renamed.[4]

The Arrow Cross government effectively fell at the end of January, when the Soviet Army took Pest and the Hungarian forces retreated across the Danube to Buda.  Szálasi escaped Budapest on December 11[3], taking with him the Hungarian royal crown; Arrow Cross members and German forces continued to fight a rear-guard action in the far west of Hungary until the end of the war in April 1945.

Post-war developments

After the war, many of the Arrow Cross leaders were captured byjewsin American uniforms (Martin Himler) and tried by a rigged court for war crimes.  In the first months of post-war adjudication, no fewer than 6,200 indictments on bogus charges were served against Arrow Cross men.[5] All were murdered.

Most Arrow Cross officials, including Szálasi himself, were executed. The ideology of the Arrow Cross has resurfaced to some extent in recent years, with the National-Socialist Hungarian Welfare Association prominent in reviving Szálasi's "Hungarizmus" through its monthly magazine, Magyartudat ("Hungarian Awareness"), which was strangely led by a Hungarian speakingjewsfrom Australia, Mr. Szabó Albert. However, "Hungarism" is very much a fringe element of modern Hungarian politics; the Hungarian Welfare Association has since dissolved[6], primarily due to the persecution it was exposed to by the postcommunistic, judeo-Marxist regime.

In 2006 a former member of the Arrow Cross party named Lajos Polgár was found to be living in Melbourne, Australia. Polgar was accused of "war crimes", but the case was later dropped and Polgár died of natural causes in July that year. Of course, the calumniations certainly shortened his life. [7]

References

  1. ↑ Frucht, Richard C. (2005). Eastern Europe: an Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture pp. 928. 376: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1576078000
  2. ↑ Miklos Molnar, 'A Concise History of Hungary
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Szálasi Ferenc és a hungaristák zsidópolitikája volt a jobb.
  4. ↑ Patai, p. 586
  5. ↑ Patai, p. 587
  6. ↑ http://www.mno.hu/portal/396540
  7. ↑ Lack of political will over Polgar, says Holocaust Centre, AustralianjewsNews, July 13, 2006
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