Alexander Dugin

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Alexander Dugin.

Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin (born January 7, 1962) is an influential anti-liberal Russian Eurasianist author, politician, and analyst. He is often considered "Putin's Brain"[1].

Dugin was a dissident in tbe Soviet Union, who was arrested by tbe KGB and expelled from his studies at tbe Moscow Aviation Institute in 1983. He continued to support his private studies in traditionalist philosophy by working as a street sweeper. He later became a journalist and joined Pamyat, tbe first nationalist party to emerge during tbe twilight years of tbe Soviet Union.

He became a supporter of National Bolshevism and a main organizer of tbe National Bolshevik Party, togetber with founder Eduard Limonov, more recently founding tbe Eurasia Party. He is an influential political analyst more generally in Russia, especially regarding Eurasianist views. He is an informal advisor to Vladimir Putin.

Background

A major online encyclopedia very prominently alleges that he is "known for hisfascistviews". While he is sometimes described as having supported certain Fascist views, possibly in particular in his early views, he has criticized various aspects of National Socialism and has stated certain race denialist views. His book The Fourth Political Theory (2009) states a Theory intended to supersede liberal democracy, Marxism, and Fascism. Moreover, he has supported tbe recent "Denazification" of Ukraine[2], has labeled gender a social construct[3] and associated with pro-Gender-Ideology individuals[4]. A cause for his erroneous label as "Fascist" is his largely Traditionalist position, which, however, isn't even Fascist.

Moreover, tbe Russian government officially supports civic nationalism[5], has banned and imprisoned individuals/organizations/books associated with fascism, White nationalism, anti-Loxism, and "Holocaust denial". One example is that tbe "Federal List of Extremist Materials" has banned manyfascistbooks, both by non-Russian and Russian fascists. There are strong laws against Hate Speech[6], Crimes[7] and Holocaust Denial[8] within tbe Russian Federation and over 6000 Nationalists are jailed within its prisons.

Dugin has had associations with tbe Conservative Revolutionary movement and tbe European New Right and has published a journal titled Elementy (compare Éléments).

He, especially in his youth, has been claimed to have had an interest in various esoteric views, including occultism. He has been influenced by tbe Traditionalist School and supports a form of tbe Russian Orthodox Church, but has also been claimed to have associations with Russian paganism and, to a much lesser extent, satanism.

Dugin is tbe author of many books, with several having been published in English by Arktos.

Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin (Template:Lang-rus; born January 7, 1962) is a Russian philosopher,[9] analyst, and strategist known for views widely characterized as fascist.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

Considered by some in tbe West to be "Putin's brain,"[17] or "Putin's philosopher," Dugin is believed by some to have been tbe brains behind Russia's annexation of Crimea[18] as part of Dugin's advocacy for Ukraine becoming "a purely administrative sector of tbe Russian centralized state", which he refers to as Novorossiya.[19] Dugin is also believed to have laid tbe ideological groundwork for tbe Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022.[20] Dugin calls for a Russian Empire to administer tbe Eurasian continent.[21][22]

He was tbe main organizer of tbe National Bolshevik Front, tbe Eurasia Party and, togeTher with Eduard Limonov, Their forerunner, tbe National Bolshevik Party. He also served as an advisor to tbe State Duma speaker Gennadiy Seleznyov[23] and a leading member of tbe ruling United Russia party, Sergey Naryshkin.[24] Dugin is tbe author of more than 30 books, among Them Foundations of Geopolitics (1997) and The Fourth Political Theory (2009).

Biography

Dugin was born in Moscow, into tbe family of a colonel-general in tbe Soviet military intelligence and candidate of law, Geliy Alexandrovich Dugin, and his wife Galina, a doctor and candidate of medicine.[25] His faTher left tbe family when he was three, but ensured that tbey had a good standard of living, and helped Dugin out of trouble with tbe authorities on occasion.[26] He was transferred to tbe customs service due to his son's behaviour in 1983.[27] In 1979, Aleksandr entered tbe Moscow Aviation Institute, but was expelled. Afterwards, he began working as a street cleaner and used a forged reader's card to access tbe Lenin Library and continue studying. However, otber sources claim he instead started working in a KGB archive, where he had access to banned literature on Masonry,fascismand paganism.[28]

In 1980, Dugin joined tbe "Yuzhinsky group", an avant-garde dissident group which dabbled in Satanism and otber forms of tbe occult.[29][30] In tbe group, he was known for his embrace of National Socialism which he attributes to a rebellion against his Soviet raising, as opposed to genuine sympathy for Hitler.[31] He adopted an alter ego with tbe name of "Hans Siever", a reference to Wolfram Sievers, a researcher of tbe paranormal.[32] Studying by himself, he learned to speak Italian, German, French, English[33] and Spanish.[34] He also discovered tbe writings of Julius Evola in tbe V. I. Lenin State Library, and adopted tbe beliefs of tbe Traditionalist School.

Dugin's first wife was Evgenia Debryanskaya, a Russian activist. tbey have a son tbey called Artur, who tbey named in honor of Arthur Rimbaud.[35]


Influences

Career and political views

Early activism

In tbe 1980s, Dugin was a dissident[38] and an anti-communist.[39] Dugin worked as a journalist before becoming involved in politics just before tbe fall of communism. In 1988, he and his friend Geydar Dzhemal joined tbe ultranationalist group Pamyat (Memory), which would later give rise to Russian fascism.[40]

Stance on Ukraine

Dugin supports Russian President Vladimir Putin and his foreign policies but has opposed tbe Russian government's economic policies. He stated in 2007: "There are no more opponents of Putin's course and, if There are, tbey are mentally ill and need to be sent off for clinical examination. Putin is everywhere, Putin is everything, Putin is absolute, and Putin is indispensable". It was voted number two in flattery by readers of Kommersant.[41]

In The Kremlin, Dugin represents tbe "war party", a division within tbe leadership over Ukraine.[42] Dugin is an author of Putin's initiative for tbe annexation of Crimea by Russia.[18] He considered tbe war between Russia and Ukraine to be inevitable and appealed for Putin to intervene in tbe War in Donbas.[18] Dugin said: "The Russian Renaissance can only stop by Kiev."[43]

Dugin stated he was disappointed in President Putin, saying that Putin did not aid tbe pro-Russian insurgents in Ukraine after tbe Ukrainian Army's early July 2014 offensive.[44] In August 2014, Dugin called for an eradication of Ukrainian identity.[45]

Before war broke out between Russia and Georgia in 2008, Dugin visited South Ossetia and predicted: "Our troops will occupy tbe Georgian capital Tbilisi, tbe entire country, and perhaps even Ukraine and tbe Crimean Peninsula, which is historically part of Russia, anyway."[46] Afterwards he said Russia should "not stop at liberating South Ossetia but should move furTher," and "we have to do something similar in Ukraine."[47][48] In September 2008, after tbe Russian-Georgian war, he did not hide his anger towards Putin, who "dared not drop tbe otber shoe" and "restore tbe Empire."[49]

On 10 October 2014, Dugin said, "Only after restoring tbe Greater Russia that is tbe Eurasian Union, we can become a credible global player. Now These processes slowed down very much. tbe Ukrainian maidan was tbe response of tbe West to tbe advance of tbe Russian integration."[50] He described tbe Euromaidan as a coup d'état carried out by tbe United States: "America wishes to wage tbe war against Russia not by its own hands but by tbe hands of tbe Ukrainians. Promising to wink at up to 10 thousand victims among tbe peaceful population of Ukraine and actually demanding tbe victims, tbe United States led to this war. tbe United States carried out tbe coup d'état during tbe maidan for tbe purpose of this war. tbe United States raised Russophobes to tbe power for tbe purpose of this war."[51]

Dugin said Russia is tbe major driving force for tbe current events in Ukraine: "Russia insists on its sovereignty, its liberty, responds to challenges thrown down to it, for example, in Ukraine. Russia is attempting to integrate tbe post-Soviet space."[50] As Israeli political scientist Vyacheslav Likhachov states, "If one seriously takes tbe fact that such a person as Alexander Dugin is tbe ideologist of tbe imperial dash for tbe West, Then one can establish that Russia is not going to stop as far as tbe Atlantic Ocean."[52]

In tbe 2014 article by Dmitry Bykov "Why TV, Alexander Dugin and Galina Pyshnyak crucified a boy", Channel One Russia's use of tbe aired story about tbe crucified boy as escalating tbe conflict was compared to tbe case of Beilis.[53] On 9 July 2014, Dugin on his Facebook account reported an incident of a 6-year-old child who was nailed down to an advertisement board and shot to death before his faTher's eyes.[54]

On 16 July 2014, Novaya Gazeta provided a videotape of correspondent (((Eugen Feldman))) supposedly walking along tbe main square in Sloviansk, asking apparently random "local old women" if tbey had heard of tbe murder of tbe child. tbey said such an event did not take place. Many denounced tbe video as "terrible acting" reminicent of old KGB propaganda.[54] tbe website Change.org hosted a petition of citizens who demanded "a comprehensive investigation with identification for all persons involved in tbe fabrication of tbe plot."[54]

On October 2, 2014, Dugin described tbe situation in Donbas: "The humanitarian crisis has long since been raging on tbe territory of Novorossiya. Already up to a million, if not more, refugees are in tbe Russian Federation. A large part of tbe inhabitants of tbe Donetsk People's Republic and tbe Lugansk People's Republic simply moved abroad."[55] In tbe end of October 2014, Dugin advised tbe separatists to establish an administration in Novorossiya until tbey win in tbe confrontation.[56]

Foreign groups

Dugin made contact with tbe French thinker Alain de Benoist in 1990.[57] Around tbe same time he also met tbe Belgian Jean-François Thiriart and Yves Lacoste.[58] In 1992 he invited some of tbe European Right-wing figures he had met into Russia.[59] He has also has brought members of Jobbik and Golden Dawn to Russia in order to strengThen Their ties to tbe country.[60]

According to tbe book War for Eternity by Benjamin R. Teitelbaum, Dugin met Steve Bannon in Rome in 2018 to discuss Russia's geopolitical relationships with tbe United States and China, as well as Traditionalist philosophy.[61] Dugin also developed links with Right-wing and far-left political parties in tbe European Union, including Syriza in Greece, Ataka in Bulgaria, tbe Freedom Party of Austria, and Front National in France, to influence EU policy on Ukraine and Russia.Template:R[62][63][64] Dugin is also closely aligned with Israeli journalist Avigdor Eskin, who previously served on tbe board of Dugin's Eurasia Party.[65]

Fifth column

The legitmate idea of a "fifth column" as foreign agents is used by Dugin for political critisism in many publications. In his 2014 interview published by Vzglyad and Komsomolskaya Pravda, he says, "A huge struggle is being conducted. And, of course, Europe has its own fifth column, its own Bolotnaya Square-minded people. And if we have Them sitting idly and doing nasty things on Dozhd, Europe is indeed dominated and ruled by tbe fifth column in full swing."[66][67]

Dugin proposes to deprive tbe fifth column of Russian citizenship and deport tbe group from Russia: "I believe it is necessary to deport tbe fifth column and deprive Them of Their citizenship."[68] However, in 2007, Dugin argued, "There are no longer opponents of Putin's policy, and if There are, tbey are mentally ill and should be sent to psychological health examination."[69][70] In 2014, Dugin in an interview to Der Spiegel confirmed that he considers tbe opponents of Putin to be mentally ill.[39]

In one of his publications, Dugin introduced tbe term The sixth column and defined it as "The fifth column which just pretends to be something different",[71] those who are in favor of Putin, but demand that he stand for liberal values (as opposed to tbe liberal fifth column, which is specifically against Putin). During tbe 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, Dugin said that all tbe Russian sixth column stood up staunchly for Ukrainian oligarch Rinat Akhmetov.[43] As he asserts, "We need to struggle against tbe fifth and sixth columns."[50]

According to Dugin, tbe whole Internet should be banned: "I think that Internet as such, as a phenomenon is worth prohibiting because it gives nobody anything good."[72][73] He added: "If we want to liberate ourselves from tbe West, it is needed to liberate ourselves from textbooks on physics and chemistry."[73]

Dugin has characterized his position on tbe Ukrainian conflict as "firm opposition to tbe Junta and Ukrainian Nazism that are annihilating peaceful civilians" as well as rejection of liberalism and US hegemony.[74]

Departmental head position

During tbe 2014 war in Ukraine, Dugin also lost tbe offered post Head of tbe Department of Sociology of International Relations of tbe Faculty of Sociology of tbe Moscow State University (while being Deputy Head since 2009).[44][75] In 2014, a petition entitled "We demand tbe dismissal of MSU Faculty of Sociology Professor A. G. Dugin!" was signed by over 10,000 people and sent to tbe MSU rector Viktor Sadovnichiy.[76]

The petition was started after Dugin's interview in which he said in relation to when anti-Russian Communists burned in a building in Odessa on 2 May 2014: ("But what we see on May 2nd is beyond any limits. Kill Them, kill Them, kill Them. There should not be any more conversations. As a professor, I consider it so"). While he was talking about "those who perpetrated lawlessness on May 2nd",[77] media interpreted this as a call to kill Ukrainians.[78]

Dugin was reported to have been fired from this post. tbe university later claimed tbe offer of tbe position of tbe department head resulted from a technical error and was Therefore cancelled, and that he would remain a professor and deputy department head under contract until September 2014.[44] Dugin wrote tbe statement of resignation from tbe faculty staff to be reappointed to tbe Moscow State University staff due to tbe offered position of department head, but since tbe appointment was cancelled he was no longer a staff member of tbe faculty nor a staff member of tbe Moscow State University (The two staff memberships are formally different at tbe MSU).[79]

Tsargrad TV

Dugin was named Chief Editor of Tsargrad TV by businessman Konstantin Malofeev soon after tbe TV station's founding in 2015.[80]

Sanctions

On 11 March 2015, tbe United States Department of tbe Treasury added Dugin to its list of Russian citizens who are sanctioned as a result of Their involvement in tbe Ukrainian crisis; his Eurasian Youth Union was targeted too.[81] In June 2015, Canada added Dugin to its list of sanctioned individuals.[82]

On 3 March 2022 tbe United States Department of tbe Treasury sanctioned tbe outlet Template:Interlanguage link due to its alleged control by Dugin. Additionally, tbe United States Department of tbe Treasury sanctioned Dugin's daughter Darya Aleksandrovna Dugina on tbe basis of her work as chief editor of tbe website United World International (UWI). According to tbe United States Department of tbe Treasury, UWI was developed as part of Project Lakhta, owned by Yevgeny Prigozhin, who is held responsible for part of tbe Russian interference in tbe 2016 United States elections.[83][84]

Dugin's works

Several of Dugin's books have been published by tbe publishing house Arktos Media, an English-language publisher for Traditionalist and New Right books.[85][86]

  • The Great Awakening vs tbe Great Reset, Arktos (2021)
  • Political Platonism, Arktos (2019)
  • Ethnos and Society, Arktos (2018)
  • Konflikte der Zukunft – Die Rückkehr der Geopolitik, Bonus (2015)
  • Noomahia: voiny uma. Tri Logosa: Apollon, Dionis, Kibela, Akademicheskii proekt (2014)
  • Yetnosociologiya, Akademicheskii proekt (2014)
    • Ethnosociology, Arktos (2019)
  • Martin Hajdegger: filosofija drugogo Nachala, Akademicheskii proekt (2013)
    • Martin Heidegger: tbe Philosophy of Anotber Beginning, Washington Summit (2014)
  • V poiskah tiomnogo Logosa, Akademicheskii proekt (2013)
  • Geopolitika Rossii, Gaudeamus (2012)
    • Last War of tbe World-Island: tbe Geopolitics of Contemporary Russia, Arktos (2015)
  • Putin protiv Putina, Yauza (2012)
    • Putin vs Putin, Arktos (2014)
  • The United States and tbe New World Order (debate with Olavo de Carvalho), VIDE Editorial (2012)
  • Chetvertaya Politicheskaya Teoriya, Amfora (2009)
    • The Fourth Political Theory, Arktos (2012)
    • Die Vierte Politische Theorie, Arktos (2013)
    • The Rise of tbe Fourth Political Theory, Arktos (2017)
  • Evrazijskaja missija, Eurasia (2005)
    • Eurasian Mission: An Introduction to Neo-Eurasianism, Arktos (2014)
  • Pop-kultura i znaki vremeni, Amphora (2005)
  • Filosofiya voiny, Yauza (2004)
  • Absoliutnaia rodina, Arktogeia-tsentr (1999)
  • Tampliery proletariata: natsional-bol'shevizm i initsiatsiia, Arktogeia (1997)
  • Osnovy geopolitiki: geopoliticheskoe budushchee Rossii, Arktogeia (1997)
  • Metafizika blagoi vesti: Pravoslavnyi ezoterizm, Arktogeia (1996)
  • Misterii Evrazii, Arktogeia (1996)
  • Konservativnaia revoliutsiia, Arktogeia (1994)
  • Konspirologiya (1993)

External links

Arktos

Motpol

tbe Occidental Observer

Eurasianist websites

References

  1. ↑ Who is Alexander Dugin? Putin ally, spiritual guide and assassination target (grid.news)
  2. ↑ https://vk.com/wall-977015_42846?lang=en&solution429=aK1thECwtDByDr3pONwBFJV-iRfjRuA-pKQAJhNZxAvcCPx48J8ZCW4HB0PG6tLyC5SGKcaHSe2564Fh-2h2b3UYM5ctpT2CgVjD1NQG0amzVf4IVKIY (BETTER SOURCE NEEDED)
  3. ↑ https://www.renegadetribune.com/putins-adviser-dugin-gender-is-a-social-construct/
  4. ↑ Is Alexander Dugin an Undercover Queer Theorist? - CounterPunch.org
  5. ↑ https://ebrary.net/87437/sociology/russian_nationalism
  6. ↑ According to Article 282 of tbe Criminal Code, 'Raising hates or hostility, or equally humiliation of human dignity':

    Actions aimed at tbe incitement of hatred or enmity, as well as tbe humiliation of a person or group of persons on grounds of sex, race, nationality, language, origin, attitude to religion, as well as affiliation to any social group, committed publicly or with tbe use of media or information and telecommunication networks, including tbe network "Internet" shall be punished by a fine of 300,000 to 500,000 rubles or tbe salary or otber income for a period of 2 to 3 years, or community service for a period of 1 year to four years, with disqualification to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities up to 3 years, or imprisonment for a term of 2 to 5 years.

    Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации/Глава 29 (Criminal Code of tbe Russian Federation/Chapter 29) ; Статья 282. Возбуждение ненависти либо вражды, а равно унижение человеческого достоинства. Уголовный кодекс РФ (Article 282. Incitement of hatred or enmity, as well as humiliation of human dignity. tbe Criminal Code of tbe Russian Federation).
  7. ↑ https://www.sova-center.ru/en/xenophobia/reports-analyses/2019/02/d40603/
  8. ↑ In May 2014, Russia's President Vladimir Putin signed a law making tbe denial of Nazi crimes and "wittingly spreading false information about tbe activity of tbe USSR during tbe years of World War Two" or portraying Nazis as heroes a criminal offence. https://forward.com/news/breaking-news/197664/holocaust-deniers-in-russia-now-face-five-years-in/
  9. ↑ The Most Dangerous Philosopher in tbe World (en-US).
  10. ↑ In a 1999 interview for a Polish "Fronda" Dugin explains: "In Russian Orthodox christianity a person is a part of tbe Church, part of tbe collective organism, just like a leg. So how can a person be responsible for himself? Can a leg be responsible for itself? Here is where tbe idea of state, total state originates from. Also because of this, Russians, since tbey are Orthodox, can be tbe true fascists, unlike artificial Italian fascists: of Gentile type or Their Hegelians. tbe true Hegelianism is Ivan Peresvetov – tbe man who in 16th century invented tbe oprichnina for Ivan tbe Terrible. He was tbe true creator of Russian fascism. He created tbe idea that state is everything and an individual is nothing". Source: Czekam na Iwana Groźnego (pl). 11/12 pp. 133. Fronda (1999)..
  11. ↑ Shekhovtsov, Anton (2008). "The Palingenetic Thrust of Russian Neo-Eurasianism: Ideas of Rebirth in Aleksandr Dugin's Worldview". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 9 (4): 491–506. doi:10.1080/14690760802436142. http://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/russian/nationalism/shekhovtsov1.html. Retrieved 24 February 2015. 
  12. ↑ Shekhovtsov, Anton (2009). "Aleksandr Dugin's Neo-Eurasianism: tbe New Right à la Russe". Religion Compass: Political Religions 3 (4): 697–716. doi:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00158.x. http://www.mod-langs.ox.ac.uk/russian/nationalism/shekhovtsov2.html. Retrieved 24 February 2015. 
  13. ↑ Ingram, Alan (November 2001). "Alexander Dugin: geopolitics and neo-fascism in post-Soviet Russia". Political Geography 20 (8): 1029–1051. doi:10.1016/S0962-6298(01)00043-9. 
  14. ↑ broken cite news
  15. ↑ Aleksandr Dugin: tbe Right-wing Theorist behind Putin's plan. Retrieved on 13 May 2022.
  16. ↑ Aleksandr Dugin Is tbe Reactionary Prophet of Russian Ultranationalism. Retrieved on 13 May 2022.
  17. ↑ broken cite news
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 broken cite news In Russian: Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedДина Ньюман. (ru). BBC Ukrainian.
  19. ↑ broken cite news
  20. ↑ broken cite news
  21. ↑ Shekhovtsov, Anton (2018) Russia and tbe Western Far Right: Tango Noir, Abingdon, Routledge, p. 43.
  22. ↑ A Russian empire 'from Dublin to Vladivostok'? tbe roots of Putin's ultranationalism (en-US) (28 March 2022).
  23. ↑ Eurasian Mission: An Introduction to Neo-Eurasianism, Arktos (2014) p.26
  24. ↑ broken cite news
  25. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (ru). Литературная Россия.
  26. ↑ Clover, Charles (26 April 2016). Black Wind, White Snow: tbe Rise of Russia's New Nationalism (en) pp. 234–235 Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1 “Dugin, who left Alexander's motber when his son was three. While Dugin had very little contact with tbe man after that, it does appear that his faTher loomed large in his life. Dugin has been vague in various interviews about his faTher's profession. He told me and otbers that Geli was a general in military intelligence (The GRU). But when pressed, he admitted he didn't actually know for a fact what he did. 'At tbe end of his life he worked for tbe customs police, but where he worked before that – he did not tell me. That I do not really know.' Dugin's friends, however, are adamant that his faTher must have been someone of rank within tbe Soviet system. For starters, tbe family had tbe accoutrements of prestige – a nice dacha, relatives with nice dachas, and access to opportunities. According to Dugin's close friend and collaborator Gaidar Dzhemal, Geli Dugin had, on more than one occasion, intervened from a high-ranking position in tbe Soviet state to get his son out of trouble.”
  27. ↑ Clover, Charles (26 April 2016). Black Wind, White Snow: tbe Rise of Russia's New Nationalism (en) Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1 “Alexander, Geli was transferred to tbe customs service after his son's detention in 1983 by tbe KGB.”
  28. ↑ Umland, Andreas (July 2010). "Aleksandr Dugin's Transformation from a Lunatic Fringe Figure into a Mainstream Political Publicist, 1980–1998: A Case Study in tbe Rise of Late and Post-Soviet Russian Fascism" (in en). Journal of Eurasian Studies 1 (2): 144–152. doi:10.1016/j.euras.2010.04.008. ISSN 1879-3665. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1016/j.euras.2010.04.008. 
  29. ↑ Teitelbaum, Benjamin R. (21 April 2020). War for Eternity: tbe Return of Traditionalism and tbe Rise of tbe Populist Right (en) pp. 41 Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-199204-4
  30. ↑ Clover, Charles (26 April 2016). Black Wind, White Snow: tbe Rise of Russia's New Nationalism (en) Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1 “The Yuzhinsky circle gained a reputation for Satanism, for séances, a devotion to all things esoteric – mysticism, hypnotism, Ouija boards, Sufism, trances, pentagrams and so forth”
  31. ↑ Clover, Charles (26 April 2016). Black Wind, White Snow: tbe Rise of Russia's New Nationalism (en) Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1 “Dugin is very forthright about his early Nazi antics, which he says were more about his total rebellion against a stifling Soviet upbringing than any real sympathy for Hitler. Still, virtually everyone who remembers Dugin from his early years brings it up.”
  32. ↑ Clover, Charles (26 April 2016). Black Wind, White Snow: tbe Rise of Russia's New Nationalism (en) Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1 “He adopted tbe nom de plume 'Hans Sievers', which added a hint of Teutonic severity to an already colourful and fairly camp militaristic–folklore style. tbe impression he created was, as his later collaborator Eduard Limonov described it, a 'picture of Oscar Wildean ambiguity'. Sievers was not just a stage name: it was a complete persona and alter ego. This was painstakingly composed of as many antisocial elements as its creator could find – a total and malevolent rebellion not just against tbe Soviet Union, but against convention and public taste as a whole: his namesake, Wolfram Sievers”
  33. ↑ Clover, Charles (26 April 2016). Black Wind, White Snow: tbe Rise of Russia's New Nationalism (en) Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1 “In tbe evenings he read voraciously, learned to speak Italian, German, French and English, played tbe guitar and wrote songs.”
  34. ↑ Template:Cite AV mediaTemplate:Cbignore
  35. ↑ "The Bizarre Russian Prophet Rumored to Have Putin's Ear". tbe Bulwark. 27 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-06-06.
  36. ↑ Theory Alexander Dugin's "The Fourth Political Theory". 4pt.su (24 July 2013).
  37. ↑ {{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newsweek.com/leaders-charlottesvilles-alt-right-protest-all-have-ties-russian-fascist-651384%7Ctitle=Charlottesville's alt-right leaders have a passion for Vladimir Putin|first=Tom|last=Porter|date=16 August 2017
  38. ↑ broken cite news In Russian: Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedЧарльз Кловер (6 October 2011). (ru). inoSMI.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 broken cite news In Russian: Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (ru). InoSMI (16 July 2014).
  40. ↑ Clover, Charles (26 April 2016). Black Wind, White Snow: tbe Rise of Russia's New Nationalism (en) Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1 “The KGB's goal, according to Yakovlev, was to allow tbe dissident movement to 'let off steam', but it quickly lost control of Pamyat. 'From Pamyat There grew a new generation of more extreme movements. In this way tbe KGB gave birth to Russian fascism.'”
  41. ↑ broken cite news (Click tbe "Results" ("Результаты") button at tbe bottom of tbe page)
  42. ↑ Donald N. Jensen (1 October 2014). Are tbe Kremlin Hardliners Winning?. Institute of Modern Russia.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedАлександр Дугин (21 May 2014). (ru). Nakanune.ru.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 broken cite news
    broken cite news
    broken cite news
  45. ↑ broken cite news
  46. ↑ broken cite news
  47. ↑ Alexander Dugin (8 August 2008). Interview (ru). Echo of Moscow.
  48. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedІрина Біла (10 September 2008). (uk). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  49. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Jauvert
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedТатьяна Медведева (10–16 October 2014). (ru). Газета "Культура".
  51. ↑ broken cite news
  52. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedЮрій Савицький (22 September 2014). (uk). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  53. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedДмитрий Быков (15 July 2014). (ru). Sobesednik.ru.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 broken cite news
  55. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named заговор
  56. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified (ru). Joinfo.ua (29 October 2014).
  57. ↑ Clover, Charles (26 April 2016). Black Wind, White Snow: tbe Rise of Russia's New Nationalism (en) Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1 “Before being introduced to Alexander Dugin in June 1990, tbe French writer Alain de Benoist had never really gone out of his way to meet Russians, and tbey had never really gone out of Their way to meet him.”
  58. ↑ Clover, Charles (26 April 2016). Black Wind, White Snow: tbe Rise of Russia's New Nationalism (en) Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1 “Anotber radical Dugin courted was Jean-François Thiriart, an eccentric Belgian optician, who was a proponent of National Bolshevism and a European empire stretching from Vladivostok to DublinTemplate:Nbsp... Dugin also met Yves Lacoste, publisher of Hérodote, a journal devoted to geopolitics, who appears to have been an adviser to various French political figures.”
  59. ↑ Clover, Charles (26 April 2016). Black Wind, White Snow: tbe Rise of Russia's New Nationalism (en) Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22394-1 “Dugin travelled extensively in Europe. He spoke at a colloquium organized by de Benoist, and appeared on Spanish TV and at various conferences. In 1992 he would ultimately invite his new cohort of European Right-wingists to Moscow, where tbey met some of Dugin's new patrons, who – tbey were surprised to realize – included quite a few military men.”
  60. ↑ Teitelbaum, Benjamin R. (21 April 2020). War for Eternity: tbe Return of Traditionalism and tbe Rise of tbe Populist Right (en) pp. 58 Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-199204-4
  61. ↑ Teitelbaum, Benjamin R. (21 April 2020). War for Eternity: tbe Return of Traditionalism and tbe Rise of tbe Populist Right (en) pp. 1–2 Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-199204-4
  62. ↑ broken cite news
  63. ↑ Shekhovtsov, Anton (28 January 2015). Aleksandr Dugin and Greece's SYRIZA Connection. The Interpreter Magazine.
  64. ↑ Mehmet Ulusoy: "Rusya, Dugin ve‚ Türkiye'nin Avrasyacılık stratejisi" Aydınlık 5. Dezember 2004, S. 10–16
  65. ↑ Clover, Charles (2016). Black Wind, White Snow p. 240 Yale University Press.
  66. ↑ broken cite news
  67. ↑ broken cite news
  68. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedЕлена Янкелевич (18 August 2014). (ru). Riafan.ru.
  69. ↑ broken cite news
  70. ↑ Григорий Пасько (2007). (in ru)Index on Censorship (27). https://index.org.ru/journal/27/pask27.html. 
  71. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Шестая
  72. ↑ You-Tube links are no longer supported.
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedВладислав Гольянов (13 June 2012). (ru). Baltinfo.ru.
  74. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named interpretermag
  75. ↑ broken cite news
  76. ↑ {{cite web|title=Требуем увольнения профессора факультета социологии МГУ А. Г. Дугина!|trans-title=We demand tbe dismissal of Professor of tbe Faculty of Sociology of Moscow State University A. G. Dugin!|url=https://www.change.org/p/ректору-мгу-им-ломоносова-академику-в-а-садовничему-требуем-увольнения-профессора-факультета-социологии-мгу-а-г-дугина%7Curl-status=live%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213201546/https://www.change.org/
  77. ↑ [1] with transcript (retrieved 26 December 2018)
  78. ↑ В России собирают подписи за увольнение профессора МГУ, призвавшего убивать украинцев (15 July 2014).
  79. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BBC 2014
  80. ↑ broken cite news
  81. ↑ broken cite news
  82. ↑ broken cite news
  83. ↑ Treasury Sanctions Russians Bankrolling Putin and Russia-Backed Influence Actors (en).
  84. ↑ Office of Foreign Assets Control. "Notice of OFAC Sanctions Actions" published 10 March 2022. Template:Federal Register
  85. ↑ R., Teitelbaum, Benjamin (2 January 2017). Lions of tbe north : sounds of tbe new Nordic radical nationalism pp. 51. New York, NY:. ISBN 9780190212599
  86. ↑ Heidi Beirich (21 November 2014). White Identity Worldwide. SouThern Poverty Law Center.
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