List of scientists: Difference between revisions

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This is a '''list of German inventors and discoverers'''. The following list comprises people from [[Germany]] or [[German language|German-speaking]] Europe, and also people of predominantly German heritage, in alphabetical order of the surname.
This is a '''list of [[German]] inventors and discoverers'''. The following list comprises [[people]] from [[Germany]] or [[German language|German-speaking]] [[Europe]], and also people of predominantly German heritage, in alphabetical order of the surname.


{| align=center
{| align=center
! bgcolor=#dddddd align=left | '''Existing''': 
! bgcolor=#dddddd align=[[left]] | '''Existing''': 
| bgcolor=#dddddd | [[#A|A]]
| bgcolor=#dddddd | [[#A|A]]
| bgcolor=#dddddd | [[#B|B]]
| bgcolor=#dddddd | [[#B|B]]
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==A==
==A==
[[File:Georgius Agricola (Georg Bauer; 24 March 1494 – 21 November 1555).jpg|thumb|150px|Georg Agricola]]
[[File:Georgius Agricola (Georg Bauer; 24 March 1494 – 21 November 1555).png|thumb|150px|Georg Agricola]]
*[[Ernst Abbe]]: Invented the first [[refractometer]], and many other devices. Donated his shares in the company Carl Zeiss to form [[Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung]], still in existence today.
*[[Ernst Abbe]]: Invented the first [[refractometer]], and many other devices. Donated his shares in the company Carl Zeiss to form [[Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung]], still in existence today.
*[[Franz Carl Achard]]: Developed a process to produce sugar from sugar beet. Built the first factory for the process in 1802.
*[[Franz Carl Achard]]: Developed a process to produce sugar from sugar beet. Built the first factory for the process in 1802.
*[[Robert Adler]]: Invented a better television remote control
*[[Robert Adler]]: Invented a better television remote control
*[[Konrad Adenauer]]: Invented soya sausage (1916; "Kölner Wurst")<ref>http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=de_EP&CC=GB&NR=131402 Improvements in the Composition and Manufacture of Sausage Meat and the like; Patent</ref> and, together with Jean and Josef Oebel, [coarse] wholemeal bread (1917; Kölner Brot).<ref>http://depatisnet.dpma.de/DepatisNet/depatisnet?window=1&space=menu&content=treffer&action=pdf&docid=AT000000074310B&Cl=2&Bi=1&Ab=&De=2&Dr=&Pts=&Pa=&We=&Sr=&Eam=&Cor=&Aa=&so=desc&sf=vn&firstdoc=0&NrFaxPages=2&pdfpage=2 Patent; page 2</ref>
*[[Konrad Adenauer]]: Invented soya sausage (1916; "Kölner Wurst")<ref>http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=de_EP&CC=GB&NR=131402 Improvements in the Composition and Manufacture of Sausage Meat and the like; Patent</ref> and, together with Jean and Josef Oebel, [coarse] wholemeal bread (1917; Kölner Brot).<ref>http://depatisnet.dpma.de/DepatisNet/depatisnet?window=1&space=menu&content=treffer&action=pdf&docid=AT000000074310B&Cl=2&Bi=1&Ab=&De=2&Dr=&Pts=&Pa=&We=&Sr=&Eam=&Cor=&Aa=&so=desc&sf=vn&firstdoc=0&NrFaxPages=2&pdfpage=2 Patent; page 2</ref>
* Georg Bauer (Georgius Agricola): German philologist, doctor, scientific and technical scholar, mineralogist and metallurgist. Named "the father of mineralogy".
* Georg Bauer (Georgius Agricola): German philologist, doctor, [[scientific]] and technical scholar, mineralogist and metallurgist. Named "the father of mineralogy".
*[[Wilhelm Albert]]: Invented the wire rope 1834
*[[Wilhelm Albert]]: Invented the wire rope 1834
*Kurt Alder: Discovery of the Diels–Alder reaction, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950.
*Kurt Alder: Discovery of the Diels–Alder reaction, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950.
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* Ottomar Anschütz: in 1883 he patented a camera with an internal roller blind shutter mechanism, just in front of the photographic plate. Thus the focal-plane shutter in modern recognizable form was born.
* Ottomar Anschütz: in 1883 he patented a camera with an internal roller blind shutter mechanism, just in front of the photographic plate. Thus the focal-plane shutter in modern recognizable form was born.
*[[Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe]]: Invented the [[gyrocompass]] in 1907
*[[Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe]]: Invented the [[gyrocompass]] in 1907
*[[Manfred von Ardenne]]: Self-taught researcher, applied physicist and inventor. Inventor of television among other things. 600 patents in fields including electron microscopy, medical technology, nuclear technology, plasma physics, and radio and television technology.
*[[Manfred von Ardenne]]: [[Self]]-taught researcher, applied physicist and inventor. Inventor of television among other things. 600 patents in fields including electron microscopy, medical [[technology]], nuclear technology, plasma [[physics]], and radio and television technology.
*[[Leo Arons]]: [[Mercury-vapor lamp]] together with [[Peter Cooper Hewitt]]
*[[Leo Arons]]: [[Mercury-vapor lamp]] together with [[Peter Cooper Hewitt]]
* Carl Auer von Welsbach: Gas mantle
* Carl Auer von Welsbach: Gas mantle
*[[Leopold Auerbach]]: Discovery of Plexus myentericus Auerbachi, or Auerbach's plexus
*[[Leopold Auerbach]]: Discovery of Plexus myentericus Auerbachi, or Auerbach's plexus
*[[Max Abraham]]: Physicist. Worked as Max Planck's assistant for three years. Developed theories on electrons.
*[[Max Abraham]]: Physicist. Worked as Max Planck's assistant for three years. Developed [[theories]] on electrons.


==B==
==B==
[[File:Bunsen-Kirchhoff.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Gustav Kirchhoff]] (left) and [[Robert Bunsen]] (right)|alt=Black-and-white image of two middle-aged men, either one leaning with one elbow on a wooden column in the middle. Both wear long jackets, and the shorter man on the left has a beard.]]  
[[File:Bunsen-Kirchhoff.png|thumb|150px|[[Gustav Kirchhoff]] (left) and [[Robert Bunsen]] (right)|alt=Black-and-[[white]] image of two middle-aged men, either one leaning with one elbow on a wooden column in the middle. Both wear long jackets, and the shorter man on the left has a beard.]]  
*[[Karl Ernst von Baer]]: Discovered mammal ovum.
*[[Karl Ernst von Baer]]: Discovered mammal ovum.
*[[Ralph Baer]]: Inventor of the [[Magnavox Odyssey|first home video game console]].
*[[Ralph Baer]]: Inventor of the [[Magnavox Odyssey|first home video game console]].
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*[[Heinrich Barkhausen]]: Discovered what is now called the [[Barkhausen effect]], to describe the phenomenon, which is caused by rapid changes of size of magnetic domains in 1919,  and [[Barkhausen stability criterion]].
*[[Heinrich Barkhausen]]: Discovered what is now called the [[Barkhausen effect]], to describe the phenomenon, which is caused by rapid changes of size of magnetic domains in 1919,  and [[Barkhausen stability criterion]].
*[[Oskar Barnack]]: The father of the first mass marketed 35mm camera and [[Leica Camera|Leica]].
*[[Oskar Barnack]]: The father of the first mass marketed 35mm camera and [[Leica Camera|Leica]].
*[[Heinrich Anton de Bary]]: Father of [[Phytopathology]], the science of plant diseases and modern [[Mycology]]. Coined the word [[symbiosis]] in 1879.
*[[Heinrich Anton de Bary]]: Father of [[Phytopathology]], the [[science]] of plant diseases and modern [[Mycology]]. Coined the word [[symbiosis]] in 1879.
*[[Wilhelm Bauer]]: Inventor and engineer, who built several hand-powered submarines.
*[[Wilhelm Bauer]]: Inventor and engineer, who built several hand-powered submarines.
*[[Eugen Baumann]]: He was one of the first people to create polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and, together with Carl Schotten, he discovered the Schotten-Baumann reaction.
*[[Eugen Baumann]]: He was one of the first people to create polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and, together with Carl Schotten, he discovered the Schotten-Baumann reaction.
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*[[Alexander Behm]]: Inventor of [[echo sounding]]. The patent was granted in 1913.
*[[Alexander Behm]]: Inventor of [[echo sounding]]. The patent was granted in 1913.
*[[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]]: Navigator and Exporer. Discovered the land mass of Antarctica on January 28, 1820.
*[[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]]: Navigator and Exporer. Discovered the land mass of Antarctica on January 28, 1820.
*[[Hans Bethe]]: Nuclear physicist and Nobel laureate in physics 1967. During World War II, he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos]] laboratory which developed the first [[atomic bombs]].
*[[Hans Bethe]]: Nuclear physicist and Nobel laureate in physics 1967. During [[World War II]], he was head of the [[Theoretical]] Division at the secret [[Los Alamos National Laboratory|Los Alamos]] laboratory which developed the first [[atomic bombs]].
*[[Emil Adolf von Behring]]: Discovered the diphtheria antitoxin. It was the world's first cure for a disease (1891).<ref>John M. Barry, ''The Great Influenza; The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History'' (New York: Penguin Books, 2005) 70.</ref> He was awarded history's first Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine in 1901.
*[[Emil Adolf von Behring]]: Discovered the diphtheria antitoxin. It was the world's first cure for a disease (1891).<ref>John M. Barry, ''The Great Influenza; The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in [[History]]'' (New York: Penguin Books, 2005) 70.</ref> He was awarded history's first Nobel Prize in Physiology of Medicine in 1901.
*[[Melitta Bentz]]: Inventor of the coffee filter, 1908.
*[[Melitta Bentz]]: Inventor of the coffee filter, 1908.
*[[Karl Benz]]: Father and inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile, 1885, and pioneering founder of automobile manufacturing.
*[[Karl Benz]]: Father and inventor of the gasoline-powered automobile, 1885, and pioneering founder of automobile manufacturing.
*[[Albrecht Berblinger]]: Inventor of the spring prosthesis and hang-glider (1811).<ref>Albrecht Ludwig Berblinger (1770-1829), known as the "Flying Tailor of Ulm", started with flight experiments in Ulm, Germany, in the early 19th century. He gained experience in downhill gliding with a maneuverable airworthy semi-rigid hang-glider and then attempted to cross the Danube River at Ulm's Eagle's Bastion on the 31st of May 1811. The tricky local winds caused him to crash and he was rescued by fishermen, making him the first survivor of a water immersion accident of a heavier-than-air manned "flight machine". Though he failed in his attempt to be the first man to fly, Berblinger can be regarded as one of the significant aviation pioneers who applied the "heavier than air" principle and paved the way for the more effective glide-flights of Otto Lilienthal (1891) and the Wright Brothers (1902). Less known are Berblinger's significant contributions to the construction of artificial limbs for medical use, as well as the spring-application in aviation. His invention of a special mechanical joint was also used for the juncture of the wings of his "flying machine". Because of his worthwhile contributions to medicine and flight, in 1993 the German Academy of Aviation Medicine named an annual award for young scientists in the field of aerospace medicine in his honor.</ref>
*[[Albrecht Berblinger]]: Inventor of the spring prosthesis and hang-glider (1811).<ref>Albrecht Ludwig Berblinger (1770-1829), known as the "Flying Tailor of Ulm", started with flight experiments in Ulm, Germany, in the early 19th century. He gained experience in downhill gliding with a maneuverable airworthy semi-rigid hang-glider and then attempted to cross the Danube River at Ulm's Eagle's Bastion on the 31st of May 1811. The tricky local winds caused him to crash and he was rescued by fishermen, making him the first survivor of a water immersion accident of a heavier-than-air manned "flight machine". Though he failed in his attempt to be the first man to fly, Berblinger can be regarded as one of the significant aviation pioneers who applied the "heavier than air" [[principle]] and paved the way for the more effective glide-flights of Otto Lilienthal (1891) and the Wright Brothers (1902). Less known are Berblinger's significant contributions to the construction of artificial limbs for medical use, as well as the spring-application in aviation. His invention of a special mechanical joint was also used for the juncture of the wings of his "flying machine". Because of his worthwhile contributions to medicine and flight, in 1993 the German Academy of Aviation Medicine named an annual award for young scientists in the field of aerospace medicine in his [[honor]].</ref>
*[[Emil Berliner]]: He is best known for developing the microphone and disc record gramophone.
*[[Emil Berliner]]: He is best known for developing the microphone and disc record gramophone.
*[[Gerd Binnig]]: Physicist. Design of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) with [[Heinrich Rohrer]]. Nobel laureate 1986.
*[[Gerd Binnig]]: Physicist. Design of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) with [[Heinrich Rohrer]]. Nobel laureate 1986.
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*[[Robert Bosch]]: He invented, engineered and launched various innovations for the motor vehicle.
*[[Robert Bosch]]: He invented, engineered and launched various innovations for the motor vehicle.
*[[Walther Bothe]]: Nuclear physicist, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born.
*[[Walther Bothe]]: Nuclear physicist, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born.
*[[Johann Friedrich Böttger]]: He was generally acknowledged as the inventor of European porcelain although more recent sources ascribe this to [[Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus]]. Böttger is still credited with developing the manufacture of porcelain in Europe.
*[[Johann Friedrich Böttger]]: He was generally acknowledged as the inventor of [[European]] porcelain although more recent sources ascribe this to [[Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus]]. Böttger is still credited with developing the manufacture of porcelain in Europe.
*[[Karlheinz Brandenburg]]: Inventor and audio engineer; father of audio compression format MPEG Audio Layer 3, more commonly known as MP3.
*[[Karlheinz Brandenburg]]: Inventor and audio engineer; father of audio compression format MPEG Audio Layer 3, more commonly known as MP3.
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]: Inventor of the CRT oscilloscope in 1897
*[[Karl Ferdinand Braun]]: Inventor of the CRT oscilloscope in 1897
*[[Wernher von Braun]]: The preeminent rocket engineer of the 20th century. Developed the [[V-2]] rocket for Germany. Built [[Saturn V]] rocket in USA which put man on the moon.
*[[Wernher von Braun]]: The preeminent rocket engineer of the [[20th century]]. Developed the [[V-2]] rocket for Germany. Built [[Saturn V]] rocket in USA which put man on the moon.
*[[Walter Bruch]]: [[PAL]], colour encoding system for analogue television  
*[[Walter Bruch]]: [[PAL]], colour encoding system for analogue television  
*[[Robert Bunsen]]: Chemist who developed the [[Bunsen burner]], and with [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] he discovered caesium (1860) and rubidium (1861).
*[[Robert Bunsen]]: Chemist who developed the [[Bunsen burner]], and with [[Gustav Kirchhoff]] he discovered caesium (1860) and rubidium (1861).
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==C==
==C==
[[File:Nicolaus Copernicus IV.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]]]
[[File:Nicolaus Copernicus IV.png|thumb|150px|[[Nicolaus Copernicus]]]]
*Georg Cantor: Mathematician, discoverer of the set theory (1870s), which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics.
*Georg Cantor: Mathematician, discoverer of the set [[theory]] (1870s), which has become a fundamental theory in [[mathematics]].
*Ernst Boris Chain: biochemist, co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on [[penicillin]] (together with [[Alexander Fleming]]).
*Ernst Boris Chain: biochemist, co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on [[penicillin]] (together with [[Alexander Fleming]]).
*[[Carl von Clausewitz]]: The father of modern military theory.
*[[Carl von Clausewitz]]: The father of modern military theory.
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*Evaristo Conrado Engelberg: Inventor in 1885 of a machine used to remove the husks from rice and coffee, the Engelberg huller.
*Evaristo Conrado Engelberg: Inventor in 1885 of a machine used to remove the husks from rice and coffee, the Engelberg huller.
*[[Friedrich Engels]]: He invented together with [[Karl Marx]] the economic and sociopolitical worldview [[Marxism]].
*[[Friedrich Engels]]: He invented together with [[Karl Marx]] the economic and sociopolitical worldview [[Marxism]].
*Hugo Erdmann: Chemist who discovered, together with his doctoral advisor [[Jacob Volhard]], the Volhard-Erdmann cyclization. In 1898 he was the first who coined the term ''noble gas'' (the original noun is {{lang|de|Edelgas}} in [[German language|German]]).<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=1901-02-15|volume=13|pages=268–270|last=Renouf|first=Edward|title=Noble gases|doi=10.1126/science.13.320.268|issue=320|bibcode = 1901Sci....13..268R }}</ref>
*Hugo Erdmann: Chemist who discovered, together with his doctoral advisor [[Jacob Volhard]], the Volhard-Erdmann cyclization. In 1898 he was the first who [[coined the term]] ''noble gas'' (the original noun is {{lang|de|Edelgas}} in [[German language|German]]).<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|date=1901-02-15|volume=13|pages=268–270|last=Renouf|first=Edward|title=Noble gases|doi=10.1126/science.13.320.268|issue=320|bibcode = 1901Sci....13..268R }}</ref>
*Leonhard Euler: German Swiss mathematician and physicist. One of the most influential mathematicians of the 18th century.
*Leonhard Euler: German Swiss mathematician and physicist. One of the most influential mathematicians of the 18th century.


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*[[Friedrich Fröbel]]:  Pedagogue, who laid the foundation for modern education. He created the concept of the [[kindergarten]].
*[[Friedrich Fröbel]]:  Pedagogue, who laid the foundation for modern education. He created the concept of the [[kindergarten]].
*[[Klaus Fuchs]]: Theoretical physicist
*[[Klaus Fuchs]]: Theoretical physicist
*[[Johann Carl Fuhlrott]]: Had the insight to recognize the [[Neanderthal]] bones for what they were: the remains of a previously unknown type of humans. He (together with Schaafhausen) is considered to be the father of [[paleoanthropology]].
*[[Johann Carl Fuhlrott]]: Had the insight to recognize the [[Neanderthal]] bones for what they were: the remains of a previously unknown [[type]] of humans. He (together with Schaafhausen) is considered to be the father of [[paleoanthropology]].


==G==
==G==
[[File:Reinhard Genzel.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Reinhard Genzel]], astrophysicist]]
[[File:Reinhard Genzel.png|thumb|150px|[[Reinhard Genzel]], astrophysicist]]
[[Image:WalterGropius-1919.jpg|thumb|150px|Walter Gropius]]
[[Image:WalterGropius-1919.png|thumb|150px|Walter Gropius]]
[[File:Johannes Gutenberg.jpg|thumb|150px|Johannes Gutenberg]]
[[File:Johannes Gutenberg.png|thumb|150px|Johannes Gutenberg]]
*[[Hermann Ganswindt]]: Inventor and spaceflight scientist, whose inventions (such as the dirigible, the helicopter, and the internal combustion engine) are thought to have been ahead of his time.
*[[Hermann Ganswindt]]: Inventor and spaceflight scientist, whose inventions (such as the dirigible, the helicopter, and the internal combustion engine) are [[thought]] to have been ahead of his [[time]].
*[[Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss]]: German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics; referred to as "the Prince of [[Mathematicians]]".
*[[Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss]]: German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, [[astronomy]] and optics; referred to as "[[the Prince]] of [[Mathematicians]]".
*[[Hans Geiger]]: Inventor of the [[Geiger-Müller counter]] in 1928. It detects the emission of nuclear radiation through the ionization produced in a low-pressure gas in a Geiger–Müller tube. Further improved by [[Walther Müller]].
*[[Hans Geiger]]: Inventor of the [[Geiger-Müller counter]] in 1928. It detects the emission of nuclear radiation through the ionization produced in a low-pressure gas in a Geiger–Müller tube. Further improved by [[Walther Müller]].
*[[Heinrich Geißler]]: Inventor of the [[Geissler tube]].
*[[Heinrich Geißler]]: Inventor of the [[Geissler tube]].
*[[Reinhard Genzel]]: [[Astrophysicist]], he and his group were the first to track the motions of [[star]]s at the centre of the [[Milky Way]] and show that they were orbiting a very massive object, probably a [[supermassive black hole|supermassive]] [[black hole]].
*[[Reinhard Genzel]]: [[Astrophysicist]], he and his group were the first to track the motions of [[star]]s at the centre of the [[Milky Way]] and show that they were orbiting a very massive [[object]], probably a [[supermassive black hole|supermassive]] [[black hole]].
*[[Walter Gerlach]]: Physicist who co-discovered spin quantization in a magnetic field, the [[Stern–Gerlach experiment|Stern-Gerlach effect]].
*[[Walter Gerlach]]: Physicist who co-discovered spin quantization in a magnetic field, the [[Stern–Gerlach experiment|Stern-Gerlach effect]].
*[[Edmund Germer]]: Inventor of the neon lamp (Neonlampe).
*[[Edmund Germer]]: Inventor of the neon lamp (Neonlampe).
*[[Max Giese]]: Inventor of the first [[Concrete pump]] in 1928.
*[[Max Giese]]: Inventor of the first [[Concrete pump]] in 1928.
*[[Heinrich Göbel]]: Developed a working light bulb in 1854,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221126125958/https://blackout-news.de/en/history/the-beginnings-of-the-electrification-of-germany/ The beginnings of the electrification of Germany]</ref> inventor of Hemmer for Sewing Machines, 1865,<ref>[http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=47632 Goebel's patent 47.632 „Hemmer for Sewing Machines"]</ref> Vacuum Pump (Improvement of the Geissler-System of vacuum pumps, 1881<ref>[http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=252658 Goebel's patent 252658 „Vacuum Pump" ]</ref> and Electric Incandescent Lamp (sockets to connect the filament of carbon and the conducting wires), 1882<ref>[http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=266358 Goebel's patent 266358 „Electric Incandescent Lamp"]</ref>
*[[Heinrich Göbel]]: Developed a working light bulb in 1854,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221126125958/https://blackout-news.de/en/history/the-beginnings-of-the-electrification-of-germany/ The beginnings of the electrification of Germany]</ref> inventor of Hemmer for Sewing Machines, 1865,<ref>[http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=47632 Goebel's patent 47.632 „Hemmer for Sewing Machines"]</ref> Vacuum Pump (Improvement of the Geissler-System of vacuum pumps, 1881<ref>[http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=252658 Goebel's patent 252658 „Vacuum Pump" ]</ref> and Electric Incandescent Lamp (sockets to connect the filament of carbon and the conducting wires), 1882<ref>[http://www.pat2pdf.org/pat2pdf/foo.pl?number=266358 Goebel's patent 266358 „Electric Incandescent Lamp"]</ref>
*[[Kurt Gödel]]: Important discoveries in math and logic, such as the [[incompleteness theorem]]s
*[[Kurt Gödel]]: Important discoveries in math and [[logic]], such as the [[incompleteness theorem]]s
*[[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]]: Physicist.  Nobel laureate in Physics 1963 for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus together with [[J. Hans D. Jensen]]. The unit for the [[two-photon absorption]] cross section is named the Goeppert-Mayer (GM) unit.
*[[Maria Goeppert-Mayer]]: Physicist.  Nobel laureate in Physics 1963 for proposing the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus together with [[J. Hans D. Jensen]]. The unit for the [[two-photon absorption]] cross section is named the Goeppert-Mayer (GM) unit.
*[[Peter Carl Goldmark]]: Engineer who was instrumental in developing the long-playing (LP) microgroove 33-1/3 rpm vinyl phonograph disc.
*[[Peter Carl Goldmark]]: Engineer who was instrumental in developing the long-playing (LP) microgroove 33-1/3 rpm vinyl phonograph disc.
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*[[Alexander Grothendieck]]: Mathematician and the central figure behind the creation of the modern theory of [[algebraic geometry]]; [[Fields Medal]]ist (1966).  
*[[Alexander Grothendieck]]: Mathematician and the central figure behind the creation of the modern theory of [[algebraic geometry]]; [[Fields Medal]]ist (1966).  
*[[Helmut Grötrupp]]: [[smart card]] (together with [[Jürgen Dethloff]])
*[[Helmut Grötrupp]]: [[smart card]] (together with [[Jürgen Dethloff]])
*[[Walter Gropius]]: Pioneer of modern architecture. Founder of the [[Bauhaus]]. First modern industrial building designed in 1910. A [[Jewish lackey]].
*[[Walter Gropius]]: Pioneer of modern architecture. Founder of the [[Bauhaus]]. First modern industrial building designed in 1910. A [[jewish lackey]].
*[[Peter Grünberg]]: Physicist. Discovered [[giant magnetoresistance]] with [[Albert Fert]]. The discovery is used in gigabyte hard disk drives for computers. Nobel laureate 2007.
*[[Peter Grünberg]]: Physicist. Discovered [[giant magnetoresistance]] with [[Albert Fert]]. The discovery is used in gigabyte hard disk drives for computers. Nobel laureate 2007.
*[[Heinz Guderian]]: The father of modern mechanized warfare, inventor of the [[Blitzkrieg]] strategy.
*[[Heinz Guderian]]: The father of modern mechanized warfare, inventor of the [[Blitzkrieg]] strategy.
*[[Otto von Guericke]]: Groundbreaking research into air pressure. Invented the [[vacuum pump]] in 1650.
*[[Otto von Guericke]]: Groundbreaking research into air pressure. Invented the [[vacuum pump]] in 1650.
*[[Beno Gutenberg]]: Together with American [[Charles Francis Richter]] he invented [[Richter magnitude scale]].
*[[Beno Gutenberg]]: Together with [[American]] [[Charles Francis Richter]] he invented [[Richter magnitude scale]].
*[[Johannes Gutenberg]]: Inventor of the technology of printing with movable type in 1439. The first book so printed was the [[Gutenberg Bible]], one of the most beautifully executed printed books ever produced.
*[[Johannes Gutenberg]]: Inventor of the technology of printing with movable type in 1439. The first book so printed was the [[Gutenberg Bible]], one of the most beautifully executed printed books ever produced.


==H==
==H==
[[File:Hollerith.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Herman Hollerith]]]]  
[[File:Hollerith.png|thumb|150px|[[Herman Hollerith]]]]  
[[File:WilhelmvonHumboldt.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Wilhelm von Humboldt]]]]  
[[File:WilhelmvonHumboldt.png|thumb|150px|[[Wilhelm von Humboldt]]]]  
*[[Fritz Haber]]: Jewish chemist and Nobel laureate who pioneered synthetic ammonia and chemical warfare.
*[[Fritz Haber]]: jewish chemist and Nobel laureate who pioneered synthetic ammonia and chemical warfare.
*[[Theodor W. Hänsch]]: Physicist, developed laser-based precision spectroscopy further to determine optical frequency extremely accurately. Nobel laureate in 2005.
*[[Theodor W. Hänsch]]: Physicist, developed laser-based precision spectroscopy further to determine optical frequency extremely accurately. Nobel laureate in 2005.
*[[Otto Hahn]]: German chemist and Nobel laureate who pioneered the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry. Considered to be "the father of nuclear chemistry" and the "founder of the atomic age". Discovered many isotopes, [[Protactinium]] and [[nuclear fission]].
*[[Otto Hahn]]: German chemist and Nobel laureate who pioneered the fields of radioactivity and radiochemistry. Considered to be "the father of nuclear chemistry" and the "founder of the atomic age". Discovered many isotopes, [[Protactinium]] and [[nuclear fission]].
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*[[Albert Hofmann]]: German-Swiss; Discovered the chemical properties of [[chitin]] and [[lysergic acid diethylamide]].
*[[Albert Hofmann]]: German-Swiss; Discovered the chemical properties of [[chitin]] and [[lysergic acid diethylamide]].
*[[Wilhelm Hofmeister]]: Discovery the [[Alternation of generations]]  
*[[Wilhelm Hofmeister]]: Discovery the [[Alternation of generations]]  
*[[Felix Hoffmann]]: Isolated acetylsalicylic acid, a painkiller marketed under the name Aspirin (Bayer), 1897. In some English speaking countries marketed under the name disprin.
*[[Felix Hoffmann]]: Isolated acetylsalicylic acid, a painkiller marketed under the [[name]] Aspirin (Bayer), 1897. In some English speaking countries marketed under the name disprin.
*[[Herman Hollerith]]: a [[German American]] statistician who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards
*[[Herman Hollerith]]: a [[German American]] statistician who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards
*[[Gottlob Honold]]: Inventor of the spark plug and the modern internal combustion engine, as well as headlights.
*[[Gottlob Honold]]: Inventor of the spark plug and the modern internal combustion engine, as well as headlights.
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*[[Christian Hülsmeyer]]: German inventor of the ''Telemobilskop'', a radio-based detector of remote objects; a 1904 precursor of [[radar]].
*[[Christian Hülsmeyer]]: German inventor of the ''Telemobilskop'', a radio-based detector of remote objects; a 1904 precursor of [[radar]].
*[[Alexander von Humboldt]]: Naturalist and explorer. His quantitative work on botanical geography was foundational to the field of biogeography.
*[[Alexander von Humboldt]]: Naturalist and explorer. His quantitative work on botanical geography was foundational to the field of biogeography.
*[[Wilhelm von Humboldt]]: Originator of the [[linguistic relativity]] hypothesis.
*[[Wilhelm von Humboldt]]: Originator of the [[linguistic relativity]] [[hypothesis]].


==I==
==I==
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==K==
==K==
[[File:Robert Koch.jpg|thumb|150px|Professor Dr. [[Robert Koch]]]]
[[File:Robert Koch.png|thumb|150px|Professor Dr. [[Robert Koch]]]]
*[[Donald J. Kessler]]: Astrophysicist, known for developing the [[Kessler syndrome]].
*[[Donald J. Kessler]]: Astrophysicist, known for developing the [[Kessler syndrome]].
*[[Hermann Kemper]]: Invented the magnetic levitation train. Patent granted in 1934.
*[[Hermann Kemper]]: Invented the magnetic levitation train. Patent granted in 1934.
*[[Johannes Kepler]]: Discovered the laws of planetary motion.
*[[Johannes Kepler]]: Discovered the laws of planetary [[motion]].
*[[Wolfgang Ketterle]]: German-American physicist who developed an "atom laser", amongst other breakthroughs. [[Nobel laureate]] 2001.
*[[Wolfgang Ketterle]]: German-American physicist who developed an "atom laser", amongst other breakthroughs. [[Nobel laureate]] 2001.
*[[Erhard Kietz]]: Pioneer discoverer of video technology.
*[[Erhard Kietz]]: Pioneer discoverer of video technology.
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*[[Max von Laue]]: Discoveries regarding the diffraction of X-rays in crystals.
*[[Max von Laue]]: Discoveries regarding the diffraction of X-rays in crystals.
*[[Ernst Lecher]]: He is remembered for developing an apparatus— "Lecher lines"—to measure the wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic waves.
*[[Ernst Lecher]]: He is remembered for developing an apparatus— "Lecher lines"—to measure the wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic waves.
*[[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]: Philosopher known for discovering the mathematical field of calculus and coherently laying down its basic operations in 1684.
*[[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]]: [[Philosopher]] known for discovering the mathematical field of calculus and coherently laying down its basic operations in 1684.
*[[Georg Christoph Lichtenberg]]: German scientist credited with the development of the [[electrophorus]].
*[[Georg Christoph Lichtenberg]]: German scientist credited with the development of the [[electrophorus]].
*[[Justus von Liebig]]: German chemist who made contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry.
*[[Justus von Liebig]]: German chemist who made contributions to agricultural and biological chemistry.
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*[[Ernst Mach]]: Discovered many effects of high speed projectiles; the [[Mach number]] is dedicated to his memory.
*[[Ernst Mach]]: Discovered many effects of high speed projectiles; the [[Mach number]] is dedicated to his memory.
*[[Georg Hans Madelung]]: Academic and aeronautical engineer; a participant in the development of the [[Junkers F.13]].
*[[Georg Hans Madelung]]: Academic and aeronautical engineer; a participant in the development of the [[Junkers F.13]].
*[[Karl Marx]]: Political economist and philosopher, who defined the political/economical background of capitalism and discovered the mechanics of [[Marxism]]. His [[Communism|communist]] ideas still influence the world we now live in.
*[[Karl Marx]]: [[Political]] economist and philosopher, who defined the political/economical background of [[capitalism]] and discovered the mechanics of [[Marxism]]. His [[Communism|communist]] ideas still influence the world we now live in.
*[[Wilhelm Maybach]]: Together with Gottlieb Daimler the first gasoline-powered motorcycle, power-engine boat and later, 1902, the Mercedes car model.
*[[Wilhelm Maybach]]: Together with Gottlieb Daimler the first gasoline-powered motorcycle, power-engine boat and later, 1902, the Mercedes car model.
*[[Ottomar von Mayenburg]]: Inventor of "Chlorodont", the first commercial brand of toothpaste.
*[[Ottomar von Mayenburg]]: Inventor of "Chlorodont", the first commercial brand of toothpaste.
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*[[Walther Nernst]]: Inventor of the [[Nernst lamp]] and Nobel laureate 1920 in Chemistry.
*[[Walther Nernst]]: Inventor of the [[Nernst lamp]] and Nobel laureate 1920 in Chemistry.
*[[Karl Nessler]]: Inventor of the [[permanent wave]].
*[[Karl Nessler]]: Inventor of the [[permanent wave]].
*[[Paul Gottlieb Nipkow]]: Technician and inventor, the "spiritual father" of the core element of first generation [[television]] Technology; [[Nipkow disk]] (patented in 1884)
*[[Paul Gottlieb Nipkow]]: Technician and inventor, the "[[spiritual]] father" of the core element of first generation [[television]] Technology; [[Nipkow disk]] (patented in 1884)
*[[Emmy Noether]]: Mathematician. Groundbreaking contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics ([[Noether's theorem]]). Considered by many as the most influential woman in the history of mathematics.
*[[Emmy Noether]]: Mathematician. Groundbreaking contributions to abstract algebra and theoretical physics ([[Noether's theorem]]). Considered by many as the most influential woman in the history of mathematics.


==O==
==O==
*[[Hermann Oberth]]: Pioneer of rocket science and discoverer of the [[Oberth effect]].
*[[Hermann Oberth]]: Pioneer of rocket science and discoverer of the [[Oberth effect]].
*[[August Oetker]]: Pharmacist. He was the first to sell [[baking powder]] in small packets to households instead of bakeries (as others before him) and thus made it the popular product we know today.
*[[August Oetker]]: Pharmacist. He was the first to sell [[baking powder]] in small packets to households instead of bakeries (as [[others]] before him) and thus made it the popular product we know today.
*[[Hans von Ohain|Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain]]: The modern jet engine in 1933, patented in 1936. [[Frank Whittle]] had developed a similar concept independently in 1928/1929.
*[[Hans von Ohain|Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain]]: The modern jet engine in 1933, patented in 1936. [[Frank Whittle]] had developed a similar concept independently in 1928/1929.
*[[Wilhelm Ostwald]]: Numerous discoveries and inventions in chemistry and other areas.
*[[Wilhelm Ostwald]]: Numerous discoveries and inventions in chemistry and other areas.
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==P==
==P==
[[File:Max Planck.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Max Planck]]]]
[[File:Max Planck.png|thumb|150px|[[Max Planck]]]]
*[[Wolfgang Paul]]: Physicist. Co-developed the non-magnetic quadrupole mass filter which laid the foundation for what we now call an [[ion trap]]. Shared the Nobel Prize in 1989.
*[[Wolfgang Paul]]: Physicist. Co-developed the non-magnetic quadrupole mass filter which laid the foundation for what we now call an [[ion trap]]. Shared the Nobel Prize in 1989.
*[[Hans von Pechmann]]: Chemist, renowned for his discovery of [[diazomethane]] in 1894. [[Pechmann condensation]] and [[Pechmann pyrazole synthesis]].
*[[Hans von Pechmann]]: Chemist, renowned for his discovery of [[diazomethane]] in 1894. [[Pechmann condensation]] and [[Pechmann pyrazole synthesis]].
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==Q==
==Q==
* Georg Hermann Quincke: German physicist who invented the Quincke's Interference Tube, an apparatus which demonstrates destructive interference of sound waves.
* Georg [[Hermann]] Quincke: German physicist who invented the Quincke's Interference Tube, an apparatus which demonstrates destructive interference of sound waves.


==R==
==R==
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*[[Ralf Reski]]: [[Moss bioreactor]] (1998).
*[[Ralf Reski]]: [[Moss bioreactor]] (1998).
*[[Paul Reuter|Paul Julius Freiherr von Reuter]]: Communications pioneer.
*[[Paul Reuter|Paul Julius Freiherr von Reuter]]: Communications pioneer.
*[[Fritz Reiche]]: Was a student of Max Planck and a colleague of Albert Einstein, who was active in, and made important contributions to the early development of quantum mechanics including co-authoring the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule.
*[[Fritz Reiche]]: Was a student of Max Planck and a colleague of Albert [[Einstein]], who was active in, and made important contributions to the early development of quantum mechanics including co-authoring the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn sum rule.
*[[Bernhard Riemann]]: Mathematician, who made lasting contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry.
*[[Bernhard Riemann]]: Mathematician, who made lasting contributions to analysis, number theory, and differential geometry.
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]: Physicist and discoverer of [[Ultraviolet]].
*[[Johann Wilhelm Ritter]]: Physicist and discoverer of [[Ultraviolet]].
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==S==
==S==
[[File:Heinrich Schliemann.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Heinrich Schliemann]]]]
[[File:Heinrich Schliemann.png|thumb|150px|[[Heinrich Schliemann]]]]
*[[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]]: [[Oxygen]] (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first), identification of [[molybdenum]], [[tungsten]], [[barium]], [[hydrogen]] and [[chlorine]]
*[[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]]: [[Oxygen]] (although Joseph Priestley published his findings first), identification of [[molybdenum]], [[tungsten]], [[barium]], [[hydrogen]] and [[chlorine]]
*[[Arthur Scherbius]]: Developed the mechanical cipher machine [[Enigma machine|Enigma]]. Patent granted in 1918.
*[[Arthur Scherbius]]: Developed the mechanical cipher machine [[Enigma machine|Enigma]]. Patent granted in 1918.
*[[Paul Schlack]]: Invented [[Nylon 6]].
*[[Paul Schlack]]: Invented [[Nylon 6]].
*[[Moritz Schlick|Friedrich Albert Moritz Schlick]]: Was a German philosopher, physicist and the founding father of logical positivism and the Vienna Circle.
*[[Moritz Schlick|Friedrich Albert Moritz Schlick]]: Was a German philosopher, physicist and the founding father of logical [[positivism]] and the Vienna Circle.
*[[Heinrich Schliemann]]: Father of [[archaeology]], among other things he discovered Homeric [[Troy]].
*[[Heinrich Schliemann]]: Father of [[archaeology]], among other things he discovered Homeric [[Troy]].
*[[Hugo Schmeisser]]: Developed the first modern assault rifle [[Sturmgewehr 44|StG 44]] in 1942.
*[[Hugo Schmeisser]]: Developed the first modern assault rifle [[Sturmgewehr 44|StG 44]] in 1942.
*[[Bernhard Schmidt]]: Discovered major improvements to the telescope.
*[[Bernhard Schmidt]]: Discovered major improvements to the telescope.
*[[Paul Schmidt (inventor)]]: Developed since 1928 his idea of a new drive, the "pulsating incineration", also used in the [[V-1 flying bomb]] (engine was called "Argus-Schmidtrohr"); [[pulsejet]] was a development by Schmidt.
*[[Paul Schmidt (inventor)]]: Developed since 1928 his [[idea]] of a new drive, the "pulsating incineration", also used in the [[V-1 flying bomb]] (engine was called "Argus-Schmidtrohr"); [[pulsejet]] was a development by Schmidt.
*[[Christian Friedrich Schönbein]]: Professor Schönbein is credited with four scientific advances: [[Ozone]], [[Gun cotton]], [[Collodion]] and [[Fuel cell]]<ref>[http://www.epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk/Schonbein.html Christian Friedrich Schönbein (18 October 1799 - 29 August 1868)]</ref>
*[[Christian Friedrich Schönbein]]: Professor Schönbein is credited with four scientific advances: [[Ozone]], [[Gun cotton]], [[Collodion]] and [[Fuel cell]]<ref>[http://www.epsomandewellhistoryexplorer.org.uk/Schonbein.html Christian Friedrich Schönbein (18 October 1799 - 29 August 1868)]</ref>
*[[Johann Lukas Schönlein]]: Professor of medicine, he discovered among other things the parasitic cause of ringworm or favus (Achorion Schönleinii).
*[[Johann Lukas Schönlein]]: Professor of medicine, he discovered among other things the parasitic cause of ringworm or favus (Achorion Schönleinii).
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*[[Alois Senefelder]]: He invented the printing technique of [[lithography]] in 1796.
*[[Alois Senefelder]]: He invented the printing technique of [[lithography]] in 1796.
*[[Friedrich Sertürner]]: First to isolate [[morphine]] from the [[opium poppy]] in 1803/1804, discovering morphine.
*[[Friedrich Sertürner]]: First to isolate [[morphine]] from the [[opium poppy]] in 1803/1804, discovering morphine.
*[[Philipp Franz von Siebold]]: Physician and naturalist, detailed description and collection of the Japanese flora and fauna. Introduced Western medicine to Japan and opened a medical school.  
*[[Philipp Franz von Siebold]]: Physician and naturalist, detailed description and collection of the [[Japanese]] flora and fauna. Introduced Western medicine to [[Japan]] and opened a medical school.  
*[[Ernst Werner von Siemens]]: Dynamo, pointer telegraph that used a needle to point to the right letter, first electric elevator, trolleybus.
*[[Ernst Werner von Siemens]]: Dynamo, pointer telegraph that used a needle to point to the right letter, first electric elevator, trolleybus.
*[[Friedrich Soennecken]]: Invented [[Hole punch]] and [[ring binder]].
*[[Friedrich Soennecken]]: Invented [[Hole punch]] and [[ring binder]].
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* Franz Ritter von Soxhlet: German agricultural chemist Prof. Dr. phil. Dr. med. h. c. von Soxhlet (1848–1926) invented the Soxhlet extractor in 1879. In 1886, he proposed that pasteurization be applied to milk in order to prevent disease and spoilage. He taught at the Technical University of Munich. His son-in-law was [[Walter von Lossow]].
* Franz Ritter von Soxhlet: German agricultural chemist Prof. Dr. phil. Dr. med. h. c. von Soxhlet (1848–1926) invented the Soxhlet extractor in 1879. In 1886, he proposed that pasteurization be applied to milk in order to prevent disease and spoilage. He taught at the Technical University of Munich. His son-in-law was [[Walter von Lossow]].
*[[Jack Steinberger]]: German-American-[[Swiss]] physicist, co-discovered the [[muon neutrino]], shared 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics.
*[[Jack Steinberger]]: German-American-[[Swiss]] physicist, co-discovered the [[muon neutrino]], shared 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics.
*[[Georg Wilhelm Steller]]: Chief naturalist on Vitus Bering's expedition during which Alaska was discovered (1741) and pioneer of Alaskan Natural History. [[Steller's sea cow]] (now extinct) was named after him.
*[[Georg Wilhelm Steller]]: Chief naturalist on Vitus Bering's expedition during which Alaska was discovered (1741) and pioneer of Alaskan [[Natural]] History. [[Steller's sea cow]] (now extinct) was named after him.
*[[Otto Stern]]: Nobel laureate; contributed to the discovery of spin quantization in the [[Stern-Gerlach experiment]] with [[Walther Gerlach]] in 1922.
*[[Otto Stern]]: Nobel laureate; contributed to the discovery of spin quantization in the [[Stern-Gerlach experiment]] with [[Walther Gerlach]] in 1922.
*[[Heinrich Stölzel]]: Developed the valve for brass instruments which is used today in 1818. Friedrich Blühmel had made a similar development independently at the same time.
*[[Heinrich Stölzel]]: Developed the valve for brass instruments which is used today in 1818. Friedrich Blühmel had made a similar development independently at the same time.
*[[Horst Ludwig Störmer]]: German-American physicist. Shared the Nobel Prize in 1998 for the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.
*[[Horst Ludwig Störmer]]: German-American physicist. Shared the Nobel Prize in 1998 for the discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations.
*[[Levi Strauss]]: The [[Jewish]] "inventor" born in Germany that emigrated to the [[U.S.A.]] and patented the [[jeans|blue jeans]], although the the fabric, originated in [[Genoa]] [[Italy]], was already in use over the mediterranean cities.<ref>[http://news.discovery.com/history/first-denim-mystery-solved-italian-art.htm Historians believe they have found the first depiction of blue jeans in 17th-century Italian paintings.]</ref><ref>[http://www.italymagazine.com/italy/liguria/genoa-girds-battle-over-jeans Genoa girds for battle over jeans]</ref>
*[[Levi Strauss]]: The [[jewish]] "inventor" born in Germany that emigrated to the [[U.S.A.]] and patented the [[jeans|blue jeans]], although the the fabric, originated in [[Genoa]] [[Italy]], was already in use over the mediterranean cities.<ref>[http://news.discovery.com/history/first-denim-mystery-solved-italian-art.htm Historians believe they have found the first depiction of blue jeans in 17th-century Italian paintings.]</ref><ref>[http://www.italymagazine.com/italy/liguria/genoa-girds-battle-over-jeans Genoa girds for battle over jeans]</ref>
*[[Eduard Suess]]: Discoveries in geology.
*[[Eduard Suess]]: Discoveries in geology.


==T==
==T==
[[File:Tschirnhaus.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus]]]]  
[[File:Tschirnhaus.png|thumb|150px|[[Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus]]]]  
*[[Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus]]: He is considered to have been the inventor of European porcelain.
*[[Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus]]: He is considered to have been the inventor of European porcelain.
*[[Oscar Troplowitz]]: He invented [[adhesive tape]], ''Leukoplast''.
*[[Oscar Troplowitz]]: He invented [[adhesive tape]], ''Leukoplast''.
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*[[Richard Vetter]]: Developed the most fuel efficient [[condensing boiler]] for heating systems in 1980. Used in many houses in Europe.
*[[Richard Vetter]]: Developed the most fuel efficient [[condensing boiler]] for heating systems in 1980. Used in many houses in Europe.
*[[Rudolf Virchow]]: "Father of modern pathology"; numerous discoveries in the area of medicine.
*[[Rudolf Virchow]]: "Father of modern pathology"; numerous discoveries in the area of medicine.
*[[Tri-Ergon|Hans Vogt]]: Invented sound-on-film (idea 1905) together with Jo Engl and Joseph Massolle, first sound-on-film for the public on 17 September 1922 in Filmtheater ''Alhambra'', Berlin, Germany.
*[[Tri-Ergon|Hans Vogt]]: Invented sound-on-film (idea 1905) together with Jo Engl and Joseph Massolle, first sound-on-film for the public on 17 September 1922 in Filmtheater ''Alhambra'', [[Berlin]], Germany.
*[[Woldemar Voigt]] (often: Waldemar Voigt): Physicist, who taught at the Georg August University of Göttingen. He worked on crystal physics, thermodynamics and electro-optics. He discovered the Voigt effect in 1898.
*[[Woldemar Voigt]] (often: Waldemar Voigt): Physicist, who taught at the Georg August University of Göttingen. He worked on crystal physics, thermodynamics and electro-optics. He discovered the Voigt effect in 1898.
*[[Waldemar Voigt (aerospace engineer)]]: Chief designer at [[Messerschmitt|Messerschmitt's]] Oberammergau offices and pioneer of the [[Me 163]] and [[Me 264]], project leader of the development of Me P. 1101, Me P. 1106, Me P. 1110, Me P. 1111, [[Messerschmitt P.1112|Me P. 1112]] and Me P. 1116.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boyne|first=Walter J.|title=Messerschmitt Me 262 : arrow to the future|year=1980|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington D.C.|isbn=978-0-87474-276-3|pages=117|coauthors=Museum, Space}}</ref>
*[[Waldemar Voigt (aerospace engineer)]]: Chief designer at [[Messerschmitt|Messerschmitt's]] Oberammergau offices and pioneer of the [[Me 163]] and [[Me 264]], project leader of the development of Me P. 1101, Me P. 1106, Me P. 1110, Me P. 1111, [[Messerschmitt P.1112|Me P. 1112]] and Me P. 1116.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boyne|first=Walter J.|title=Messerschmitt Me 262 : arrow to the future|year=1980|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington D.C.|isbn=978-0-87474-276-3|pages=117|coauthors=Museum, Space}}</ref>
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==W==
==W==
*[[Martin Waldseemüller]]: Cartographer, used the name "[[Americas (terminology)|America]]" on his map [[Universalis Cosmographia]] in honour of the Florentine explorer [[Amerigo Vespucci]]. The map was drawn at [[St. Die]] in 1507 and it was the first time "America" was used on a map.
*[[Martin Waldseemüller]]: Cartographer, used the name "[[Americas (terminology)|America]]" on his map [[Universalis Cosmographia]] in honour of the Florentine explorer [[Amerigo Vespucci]]. The map was drawn at [[St. Die]] in 1507 and it was the first time "[[America]]" was used on a map.
*[[Otto Wallach]]: Chemist who researched, amongst others, alicyclic compounds. Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910.
*[[Otto Wallach]]: Chemist who researched, amongst others, alicyclic compounds. Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910.
*[[Hellmuth Walter]]: Engineer who pioneered research into rocket engines and gas turbines.
*[[Hellmuth Walter]]: Engineer who pioneered research into rocket engines and gas turbines.
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==Z==
==Z==
*[[Hermann Zapf]]: Pioneer of computer typography and creator of many well-known typefaces.
*[[Hermann Zapf]]: Pioneer of computer typography and creator of many well-known typefaces.
*[[Carl Zeiss]]: Pioneered glass casting and allied procedures and processes for high quality optics.
*[[Carl Zeiss]]: Pioneered glass casting and allied procedures and processes for high [[quality]] optics.
*[[Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin]] (1838–1917): Inventor of the airship named after him. Start of the airship LZ1 in 1900.
*[[Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin]] (1838–1917): Inventor of the airship named after him. Start of the airship LZ1 in 1900.
*[[Karl Zimmer]]: Discovered the effects of [[ionizing radiation]] on [[DNA]] in 1935.
*[[Karl Zimmer]]: Discovered the effects of [[ionizing radiation]] on [[DNA]] in 1935.
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==Criteria for inclusion==
==Criteria for inclusion==
Please be sure that the inventor or discoverer is German or of German heritage / descent. For example, [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] is often classified as Austrian, but lived in an Era, where Austria was part of the ''Holy Roman Empire'', his nationality is therefore German. Mozart's nationality was, strictly speaking, that of the [[Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg]] and therefore a German citizen of the [[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]].<ref>His letters indicate very clearly he felt his nationality to be German (see e.g. his letter to his father of 17 August 1782; Mersman (1972:204)); this was natural in a time when the territory comprising modern Austria and Germany was a patchwork of mostly small nation-states of German heritage.</ref>
Please be sure that the inventor or discoverer is German or of German heritage / descent. For example, [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]] is often classified as Austrian, but lived in an Era, where Austria was part of the ''Holy [[Roman]] [[Empire]]'', his nationality is therefore German. Mozart's nationality was, strictly speaking, that of the [[Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg]] and therefore a German citizen of the [[Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]].<ref>His letters indicate very clearly he felt his nationality to be German (see e.g. his letter to his father of 17 August 1782; Mersman (1972:204)); this was natural in a time when the territory comprising modern Austria and Germany was a patchwork of mostly small [[nation]]-states of German heritage.</ref>


When adding an inventor or a discoverer to the main section, please check first to see if he or she is already in the list. If he or she is not, you might also check to see if an article exists (by entering the title in the Search box and pressing Go), as some editors may have forgotten to add their articles on German inventors to this list. When you add an inventor or a discoverer to this list, please add him or her in proper alphabetical order within the appropriate section. Please include the year of invention or discovery and list key information of the [[invention]], as well as the references for it. After an inventor article has been created, the link on this page will be blue. Please move these titles into the main (existing article) section after creating the show article.
When adding an inventor or a discoverer to the main section, please check first to see if he or she is already in the list. If he or she is not, you might also check to see if an article exists (by entering the title in the Search box and pressing Go), as some editors may have forgotten to add their articles on German inventors to this list. When you add an inventor or a discoverer to this list, please add him or her in proper alphabetical order within the appropriate section. Please include the year of invention or discovery and list key information of the [[invention]], as well as the references for it. After an inventor article has been created, [[The Link|the link]] on this page will be blue. Please move these titles into the main (existing article) section after creating the show article.


==See also==
==See also==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==


*Peter Watson: ''The German Genius: Europe's Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution and the Twentieth Century'', Simon & Schuster UK (2011), ISBN 978-1416526155  
*Peter Watson: ''The German Genius: Europe's Third [[Renaissance]], the Second Scientific [[Revolution]] and the Twentieth Century'', Simon & Schuster UK (2011), ISBN 978-1416526155  


==External links==
==External links==
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Germany]]
[[Category:Lists]]
[[Category:German inventors| ]]
[[Category:German history]]
[[Category:European history]]
[[Category:Inventions]]
[[Category:German-American history]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage]]
[[Category:IQ]]
[[Category:Science]]
 
[[de:Deutsche Erfinder und Entdecker]]

Latest revision as of 08:04, 23 March 2024

This is a list of German inventors and discoverers. The following list comprises people from Germany or German-speaking Europe, and also people of predominantly German heritage, in alphabetical order of the surname.

bgcolor=#dddddd align=left | Existing:  A B C D E F G H  I   J  K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Inclusion See also Further reading Links References

A

File:Georgius Agricola (Georg Bauer; 24 March 1494 – 21 November 1555).png
Georg Agricola
  • Ernst Abbe: Invented the first refractometer, and many other devices. Donated his shares in the company Carl Zeiss to form Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung, still in existence today.
  • Franz Carl Achard: Developed a process to produce sugar from sugar beet. Built the first factory for the process in 1802.
  • Robert Adler: Invented a better television remote control
  • Konrad Adenauer: Invented soya sausage (1916; "Kölner Wurst")[1] and, together with Jean and Josef Oebel, [coarse] wholemeal bread (1917; Kölner Brot).[2]
  • Georg Bauer (Georgius Agricola): German philologist, doctor, scientific and technical scholar, mineralogist and metallurgist. Named "the father of mineralogy".
  • Wilhelm Albert: Invented the wire rope 1834
  • Kurt Alder: Discovery of the Diels–Alder reaction, Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1950.
  • Richard Altmann: Discovery of the Mitochondrion
  • Alois Alzheimer: Psychiatrist who discovered Alzheimer´s disease, a degeneration of the brain in old age
  • Ottomar Anschütz: in 1883 he patented a camera with an internal roller blind shutter mechanism, just in front of the photographic plate. Thus the focal-plane shutter in modern recognizable form was born.
  • Hermann Anschütz-Kaempfe: Invented the gyrocompass in 1907
  • Manfred von Ardenne: Self-taught researcher, applied physicist and inventor. Inventor of television among other things. 600 patents in fields including electron microscopy, medical technology, nuclear technology, plasma physics, and radio and television technology.
  • Leo Arons: Mercury-vapor lamp together with Peter Cooper Hewitt
  • Carl Auer von Welsbach: Gas mantle
  • Leopold Auerbach: Discovery of Plexus myentericus Auerbachi, or Auerbach's plexus
  • Max Abraham: Physicist. Worked as Max Planck's assistant for three years. Developed theories on electrons.

B

File:Bunsen-Kirchhoff.png
Gustav Kirchhoff (left) and Robert Bunsen (right)

C

File:Nicolaus Copernicus IV.png
Nicolaus Copernicus
  • Georg Cantor: Mathematician, discoverer of the set theory (1870s), which has become a fundamental theory in mathematics.
  • Ernst Boris Chain: biochemist, co-recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his work on penicillin (together with Alexander Fleming).
  • Carl von Clausewitz: The father of modern military theory.
  • Justus Claproth: Jurist and inventor of recyclable paper and deinking.
  • Nicolaus Copernicus: Astronom, formulated a heliocentric model of the universe which placed the Sun, rather than the Earth, at the center.
  • Manfred Curry: German American yachtsman, developed the cam cleat used on sailboats to easily and quickly secure a rope, discoverer of the pseudoscientific phenomenon of "geomagnetic lines" called the Curry Grid.

D

E

  • Paul Ehrlich: Scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy, and Nobel laureate. Developed an effective treatment against syphilis.
  • Caroline Eichler: Inventor, first woman to receive a patent (for her leg prosthesis)
  • Albert Einstein: Father of Theoretical Physics, inventor and discoverer.
  • Ludwig Elsbett: Developed new concepts for Diesel engines which drastically enhanced efficiency.
  • Douglas Engelbart: German American inventor of the computer mouse.
  • Evaristo Conrado Engelberg: Inventor in 1885 of a machine used to remove the husks from rice and coffee, the Engelberg huller.
  • Friedrich Engels: He invented together with Karl Marx the economic and sociopolitical worldview Marxism.
  • Hugo Erdmann: Chemist who discovered, together with his doctoral advisor Jacob Volhard, the Volhard-Erdmann cyclization. In 1898 he was the first who coined the term noble gas (the original noun is in German).[5]
  • Leonhard Euler: German Swiss mathematician and physicist. One of the most influential mathematicians of the 18th century.

F

G

File:Reinhard Genzel.png
Reinhard Genzel, astrophysicist
File:WalterGropius-1919.png
Walter Gropius
File:Johannes Gutenberg.png
Johannes Gutenberg

H

File:Hollerith.png
Herman Hollerith
File:WilhelmvonHumboldt.png
Wilhelm von Humboldt

I

  • Otmar Issing: Economist who invented the "pepet pillar" decision algorithm now used by the ECB.

J

K

File:Robert Koch.png
Professor Dr. Robert Koch

L

M

N

O

P

File:Max Planck.png
Max Planck

Q

  • Georg Hermann Quincke: German physicist who invented the Quincke's Interference Tube, an apparatus which demonstrates destructive interference of sound waves.

R

S

File:Heinrich Schliemann.png
Heinrich Schliemann

T

File:Tschirnhaus.png
Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus

U

  • Dietrich "Diedrich" Uhlhorn: Engineer, mechanic and inventor, who invented the first mechanical tachometer (1817), between 1817 and 1830 inventor of the Presse Monétaire (level coin press known as Uhlhorn Press) which bears his name.

V

W

File:Bildnis Ferdinand von Zeppelin.png
Ferdinand Graf von Zeppelin

Z

Criteria for inclusion

Please be sure that the inventor or discoverer is German or of German heritage / descent. For example, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart is often classified as Austrian, but lived in an Era, where Austria was part of the Holy Roman Empire, his nationality is therefore German. Mozart's nationality was, strictly speaking, that of the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg and therefore a German citizen of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation.[15]

When adding an inventor or a discoverer to the main section, please check first to see if he or she is already in the list. If he or she is not, you might also check to see if an article exists (by entering the title in the Search box and pressing Go), as some editors may have forgotten to add their articles on German inventors to this list. When you add an inventor or a discoverer to this list, please add him or her in proper alphabetical order within the appropriate section. Please include the year of invention or discovery and list key information of the invention, as well as the references for it. After an inventor article has been created, the link on this page will be blue. Please move these titles into the main (existing article) section after creating the show article.

See also

Further reading

  • Peter Watson: The German Genius: Europe's Third Renaissance, the Second Scientific Revolution and the Twentieth Century, Simon & Schuster UK (2011), ISBN 978-1416526155

External links

References

  1. ↑ http://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=de_EP&CC=GB&NR=131402 Improvements in the Composition and Manufacture of Sausage Meat and the like; Patent
  2. ↑ http://depatisnet.dpma.de/DepatisNet/depatisnet?window=1&space=menu&content=treffer&action=pdf&docid=AT000000074310B&Cl=2&Bi=1&Ab=&De=2&Dr=&Pts=&Pa=&We=&Sr=&Eam=&Cor=&Aa=&so=desc&sf=vn&firstdoc=0&NrFaxPages=2&pdfpage=2 Patent; page 2
  3. ↑ John M. Barry, The Great Influenza; The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague in History (New York: Penguin Books, 2005) 70.
  4. ↑ Albrecht Ludwig Berblinger (1770-1829), known as the "Flying Tailor of Ulm", started with flight experiments in Ulm, Germany, in the early 19th century. He gained experience in downhill gliding with a maneuverable airworthy semi-rigid hang-glider and then attempted to cross the Danube River at Ulm's Eagle's Bastion on the 31st of May 1811. The tricky local winds caused him to crash and he was rescued by fishermen, making him the first survivor of a water immersion accident of a heavier-than-air manned "flight machine". Though he failed in his attempt to be the first man to fly, Berblinger can be regarded as one of the significant aviation pioneers who applied the "heavier than air" principle and paved the way for the more effective glide-flights of Otto Lilienthal (1891) and the Wright Brothers (1902). Less known are Berblinger's significant contributions to the construction of artificial limbs for medical use, as well as the spring-application in aviation. His invention of a special mechanical joint was also used for the juncture of the wings of his "flying machine". Because of his worthwhile contributions to medicine and flight, in 1993 the German Academy of Aviation Medicine named an annual award for young scientists in the field of aerospace medicine in his honor.
  5. ↑ Renouf, Edward (1901-02-15). "Noble gases". Science 13 (320): 268–270. Bibcode 1901Sci....13..268R. doi:10.1126/science.13.320.268. 
  6. ↑ The beginnings of the electrification of Germany
  7. ↑ Goebel's patent 47.632 „Hemmer for Sewing Machines"
  8. ↑ Goebel's patent 252658 „Vacuum Pump"
  9. ↑ Goebel's patent 266358 „Electric Incandescent Lamp"
  10. ↑ Christian Friedrich Schönbein (18 October 1799 - 29 August 1868)
  11. ↑ History of coin pressing
  12. ↑ Historians believe they have found the first depiction of blue jeans in 17th-century Italian paintings.
  13. ↑ Genoa girds for battle over jeans
  14. ↑ Boyne, Walter J.; Museum, Space (1980). Messerschmitt Me 262 : arrow to the future pp. 117. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-0-87474-276-3
  15. ↑ His letters indicate very clearly he felt his nationality to be German (see e.g. his letter to his father of 17 August 1782; Mersman (1972:204)); this was natural in a time when the territory comprising modern Austria and Germany was a patchwork of mostly small nation-states of German heritage.
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