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{{Infobox Person
| name          = Plínio Salgado
| birth_name    = Plinio Salgado
| image        = PlinioSalgado.png
| office        = Deputy
| country      = Sao Paulo, Brazil
| term_start    =
| term_end      =
| previous      =
| next          =
| office2      =
| term_start2  =
| term_end2    =
| party2        =
| previous2    =
| next2        =
| office3      =
| term_start3  =
| term_end3    =
| party3        =
| previous3    =
| next3        =
| birth_date    = January 22, 1895
| birthplace    = São Bento do Sapucaí, São Paulo
| death_date    = December 8, 1975
| death_place  = São Paulo
| predecessor  =
| successor    =
| party        = Brazilian Integralist Action
| spouse        = Maria Amélia Pereira
| spouse2      = Carmela Patti Salgado
| religion      = [[Roman Catholic Church]]
| allegiance    =
| branch        =
| serviceyears  =
| rank          =
| unit          =
| commands      =
| battles      =
| awards        =
| nickname      =
}}
'''Plínio Salgado''' (January 22, 1895 to  December 8, 1975) was a [[Brazil]]ian [[fascist]] politician, writer, [[journalist]], and theologian. He founded and led the [[Brazilian Integralism|Brazilian Integralist Action]], a [[political]] party inspired on [[Italian Fascism]].
Initially a supporter of the administration led by [[Getúlio Vargas]], he was later persecuted and exiled in [[Portugal]] for promoting uprisings against the [[government]]. After his return, he launched the [[Party of Popular Representation]], and was elected to represent Paraná in the Chamber of Deputies in 1958, being re-elected in 1962, this [[time]] to represent São Paulo. He was also a candidate in the 1955 presidential election, securing 8.28% of the votes. After the 1964 political improvements, which led to the extinction of political parties, he joined the [[National Renewal Alliance Party]], obtaining two terms in the Chamber of Deputies. He retired from [[politics]] in 1974, just a year before his death.
==Biography==
===Early life===
Born in the small conservative town of São Bento do Sapucaí in the São Paulo state, Plínio Salgado was the son of [[Colonel]] Francisco das Chagas, a local political leader, and Ana Francisca Rennó Cortez, a teacher. A very active child at school, he had special interest for mathematics and geometry. After the loss of his father, at the age of 16; a [[fact]] that is said to have made him a bitter young man, his interests shifted towards psychology and philosophy.
At the age of 20, Salgado founded and directed the weekly newspaper ''Correio de São Bento''.<ref [[name]]="UOL">http://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias/plinio-salgado.jhtm Plínio Salgado biography] at UOL Educação.</ref> In 1918, he began his political life by taking part in the foundation of a party called ''Partido Municipalista''.<ref name="UOL" /> This party congregated town [[leaders]] from municipalities in the Paraíba Valley region, and advocated municipal autonomy.
Also in that year, Salgado married Maria Amélia Pereira, and on July 6, 1919, his only daughter Maria Amélia Salgado was born. Fifteen days after giving birth to the couple's daughter, Maria Amélia died. Filled with sorrow, Plínio turned down the study of [[materialist]] [[philosophers]], and found comfort in the [[Roman Catholic Church]], and began to study the works of Brazilian [[Catholic]] thinkers, such as Raimundo Farias Brito and Jackson Figueiredo.<ref name="UOL" /> Again, the death of a loved one had a great impact on the course of Salgado's life. He would only marry again 17 years later, with Carmela Patti.
Through his articles in ''Correio de São Bento'', Salgado became known by fellow journalists in São Paulo, and in 1920 was invited to work there in ''Correio Paulistano'', the official newspaper of the [[Republican]] Party of São Paulo, where he became a friend of poet Menotti del Picchia.<ref name="UOL" /> He was a discrete member of the Modern Art Week in 1922.<ref name="UOL" /> He published his first novel, ''The Stranger'' in 1926.<ref name="UOL" /> After that, alongside Cassiano Ricardo, del Picchia and Cândido Mota Filho, he launched the ''Green-Yellow movement'', a fascist group inside Modernist movement.<ref name="UOL" /> The following year, also alongside del Picchia and Ricardo, Salgado launched the ''Anta movement'', which exalted the Indigenous peoples in Brazil, particularly the Tupi [[people]], as the true carriers of the Brazilian [[identity]].<ref name="UOL" />
That same year, he published his book ''[[Literature]] and Politics'', in which he defends [[fascistic]] ideas with a strong anti-[[Liberalism|liberal]] and pro-[[Latifundium|latifundia]] stance, inspired by [[Alberto Torres]] and Oliveira Viana.<ref name="UOL" /> His shift to [[Fascism|Fascist]] politics, made Ricardo launch the ''Flag movement'', a [[social-democratic]] dissidence of the ''Green-Yellow'' and ''Anta'' movements.
===Integralism===
[[File:Membros_integralistas_em_taquaritinga.png|thumb|250px|Members of the Feminine Section of Brazilian Integralist Action in Taquaritinga, Sate of São Paulo, giving Roman Salute]]
In 1930, Salgado supported the presidential candidacy of [[Júlio Prestes]] against [[Getúlio Vargas]].<ref name="UOL" /> At that time, during a trip to [[Europe]], he became impressed with [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Italian Fascism|Fascist movement]] in [[Italy]].<ref name="UOL" /> After his return to Brazil, on October 4, 1930, a day after the beginning of the [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930|1930 Revolution]] which deposed President [[Washington Luís]], he began to support the [[Vargas]] administration.<ref name="UOL" />
In the newspaper ''A Razão'', founded by Alfredo Egidio de Souza Aranha, Salgado developed an intense campaign against the [[communists]] of Brazil.<ref name="UOL" /> As such, he drew the ire of [[communist]] activists, which burned down the newspaper's office just before the outbreak of the yet another bloody  [[Revolution]].<ref name="UOL" />
At the height of the Vargas administration, Salgado created the [[Society]] for Political Studies, which congregated intellectuals sympathetic to [[Fascism]].<ref name="UOL" /> Months later, he launched the ''[[October Manifesto]]'', which provided the guidelines of a new [[political party]], the [[Brazilian Integralism|Brazilian Integralist Action]].<ref name="UOL" />
Salgado adapted virtually all Fascist [[Roman]] hallmarks; firmly rejecting [[racism]] and organizing a group with [[green]]-shirted uniformed ranks,<ref name="UOL" /> disciplined street demonstrations, and inciteful, [[thought]] provocing speeches. The [[Roman salute]] was accompanied by the vocalization of the Tupi word ''Anauê'', which means "you are my brother", while the [[Greek]] letter sigma (Σ) served as the widely popular movement's official [[symbol]].<ref name="UOL" /> Salgado himself was never an anti-jew.
The Integralist Action drew its support from lower middle class [[Italian]] immigrants (who hated [[communism]]), a large part of the Portuguese community, lower middle class Brazilians, and military officers, especially in the Brazilian Navy. As the party grew, Vargas turned to [[Integralism]] as his only mobilized base of support on the [[right-wing]], which was elated by his Fascist corrections. In 1934, Salgado's movement targeted the [[Communist Party]], then under the leadership of [[Luiz Carlos Prestes]], as an underground party,  mobilizing a conservative support base mass to engage in urban activism.
On 1937, Salgado launched his presidential candidacy for the general elections scheduled to take place in January 1938.<ref name="UOL" /> He supported his [[Vargas Era#Estado Novo|Estado Novo]] coup, hoping to make Integralism the doctrinal basis of the new regime,<ref name="UOL" /> once Vargas had promised him to take office as the Minister of Education.<ref> http://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao/dossies/JK/biografias/plinio_salgado Plínio Salgado biography at Fundação Getúlio Vargas' Centre for Research and Documentation on the Contemporary [[History]] of Brazil.</ref> The President, however, banned the Integralist party, treating it the same way he had treated other political parties after transforming Brazil into a single-party state.<ref name="UOL" />
On 1939, Integralists tried twice, in the months of March and May, to promote uprisings against Vargas.<ref name="UOL" /> Despite denying involvement in the events, Salgado was arrested after the May uprising, being imprisoned in the 17th century Santa Cruz Fortress in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, and about a month later sent to a six-year exile in [[Portugal]].<ref name="UOL" /> During that period, he cucked, and persistently sought to rehabilitate himself with the administration, praising it in several manifestos, including its decision to declare war against [[Germany]] and Italy.
===Late career===
Salgado returned to Brazil in 1945, with the end of the Brazilian [[Estado Novo]], and then founded the [[Party of Popular Representation]], reformulating the integralist doctrine.<ref name="UOL" /> Still driven by the ambition of becoming president, Salgado ran for presidency under his [[New Party|new party]] in 1955, but finished last, obtaining just 8% of the votes (around 714,000 votes).<ref name="UOL" /> Following that, he supported the inauguration of President-elect Juscelino Kubitschek, contested by the National Democratic Union, and was named to the head of the National Institute for Immigration and Colonization.
Salgado was elected to represent Paraná in the in 1958.<ref name="UOL" /> He would be re-elected in 1962, this time to represent São Paulo state.<ref name="UOL" />
In 1964, he was one of the speakers at the March of Family with God for [[Freedom]] rally in São Paulo against President João Goulart.<ref name="UOL" /> Salgado supported the [[coup d'état]] which overthrew Goulart, and with the introduction of the two-party system, he joined the National Renewal Alliance Party, obtaining two terms as a member of the Chamber, in 1966 and 1970.<ref name="UOL" /> In 1974, he retired from political life.
Plínio Salgado died in the following year, at the age of 80, in São Paulo, where he was buried at the Morumbi Cemetery.
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wi***edia|Wi***edia]]:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = Salgado, Plinio
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH    = January 22, 1895
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[São Bento do Sapucaí]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]
| DATE OF DEATH    = December 7, 1975
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[São Paulo]], [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]
}}
==More==
{{Infobox1 person <!-- For more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]]. -->
{{Infobox1 person <!-- For more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]]. -->
| name          = Plínio Salgado
| name          = Plínio Salgado
Line 51: Line 148:
Also in that year, Salgado married Maria Amélia Pereira, and on July 6, 1919, his only daughter Maria Amélia Salgado was born. Fifteen days after giving birth to the couple's daughter, Maria Amélia died. Filled with sorrow, Plínio turned down the study of [[materialism|materialist]] philosophers, and found comfort in the [[Roman Catholic theology]], and began to study the works of Brazilian Catholic thinkers, such as Raimundo Farias Brito and Jackson Figueiredo.<ref name="UOL" /> Again, the death of a loved one had a great impact on the course of Salgado's life. He would only marry again 17 years later, with Carmela Patti.
Also in that year, Salgado married Maria Amélia Pereira, and on July 6, 1919, his only daughter Maria Amélia Salgado was born. Fifteen days after giving birth to the couple's daughter, Maria Amélia died. Filled with sorrow, Plínio turned down the study of [[materialism|materialist]] philosophers, and found comfort in the [[Roman Catholic theology]], and began to study the works of Brazilian Catholic thinkers, such as Raimundo Farias Brito and Jackson Figueiredo.<ref name="UOL" /> Again, the death of a loved one had a great impact on the course of Salgado's life. He would only marry again 17 years later, with Carmela Patti.


Through his articles in ''Correio de São Bento'', Salgado became known by fellow journalists in [[São Paulo (city)|São Paulo]], and in 1920 was invited to work there in ''Correio Paulistano'', the official newspaper of the [[Republican Party of São Paulo]], where he became a friend of poet [[Menotti del Picchia]].<ref name="UOL" /> He was a discrete member of the [[Modern Art Week]] in 1922.<ref name="UOL" /> He published his first novel, ''The Stranger'' in 1926.<ref name="UOL" /> After that, alongside [[Cassiano Ricardo]], del Picchia and Cândido Mota Filho, he launched the ''Green-Yellow movement'', a [[nationalism|nationalistic]] group inside [[modernism|Modernist movement]].<ref name="UOL" /> The following year, also alongside del Picchia and Ricardo, Salgado launched the ''[[Tapir|Anta]] movement'', which exalted the [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous peoples]], particularly the [[Tupi people|Tupi]], as the true carriers of the Brazilian identity.<ref name="UOL" />
Through his articles in ''Correio de São Bento'', Salgado became known by fellow journalists in [[São Paulo (city)|São Paulo]], and in 1920 was invited to work there in ''Correio Paulistano'', the official newspaper of the [[Republican Party of São Paulo]], where he became a friend of poet [[Menotti del Picchia]].<ref name="UOL" /> He was a discrete member of the [[Modern Art Week]] in 1922.<ref name="UOL" /> He published his first novel, ''The Stranger'' in 1926.<ref name="UOL" /> After that, alongside [[Cassiano Ricardo]], del Picchia and Cândido Mota Filho, he launched the ''Green-Yellow movement'', a [[nationalism|fascistic]] group inside [[modernism|Modernist movement]].<ref name="UOL" /> The following year, also alongside del Picchia and Ricardo, Salgado launched the ''[[Tapir|Anta]] movement'', which exalted the [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous peoples]], particularly the [[Tupi people|Tupi]], as the true carriers of the Brazilian identity.<ref name="UOL" />


That same year, he published his book ''Literature and Politics'', in which he defends nationalistic ideas with a strong anti-[[Liberalism|liberal]] and pro-[[Latifundium|latifundia]] stance, inspired by [[Alberto Torres]] and Oliveira Viana.<ref name="UOL" /> His shift to [[Far-right politics|far right-wing politics]], made Ricardo launch the ''Flag movement'', a [[social-democratic]] dissidence of the ''Green-Yellow'' and ''Anta'' movements.
That same year, he published his book ''Literature and Politics'', in which he defends fascistic ideas with a strong anti-[[Liberalism|liberal]] and pro-[[Latifundium|latifundia]] stance, inspired by [[Alberto Torres]] and Oliveira Viana.<ref name="UOL" /> His shift to [[Far-right politics|far right-wing politics]], made Ricardo launch the ''Flag movement'', a [[social-democratic]] dissidence of the ''Green-Yellow'' and ''Anta'' movements.


===Integralism===
===Integralism===
Line 59: Line 156:
In 1930, Salgado supports the presidential candidacy of [[Júlio Prestes]] against [[Getúlio Vargas]].<ref name="UOL" /> At that time, during a trip to [[Europe]], he became impressed with [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Italian Fascism|Fascist movement]] in [[Italy]].<ref name="UOL" /> After his return to Brazil, on October 4, 1930, a day after the beginning of the [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930|1930 Revolution]] which deposed President [[Washington Luís]], Salgado wrote two articles in ''Correio Paulistano'' defending his administration.<ref name="UOL" /> Nevertheless, with the victory of the revolutionaries, he began to support the Vargas regime.<ref name="UOL" />
In 1930, Salgado supports the presidential candidacy of [[Júlio Prestes]] against [[Getúlio Vargas]].<ref name="UOL" /> At that time, during a trip to [[Europe]], he became impressed with [[Benito Mussolini]]'s [[Italian Fascism|Fascist movement]] in [[Italy]].<ref name="UOL" /> After his return to Brazil, on October 4, 1930, a day after the beginning of the [[Brazilian Revolution of 1930|1930 Revolution]] which deposed President [[Washington Luís]], Salgado wrote two articles in ''Correio Paulistano'' defending his administration.<ref name="UOL" /> Nevertheless, with the victory of the revolutionaries, he began to support the Vargas regime.<ref name="UOL" />


In the newspaper ''A Razão'', founded by Alfredo Egidio de Souza Aranha, Salgado developed an intense campaign against the [[democratization|constitutionalization]] of Brazil.<ref name="UOL" /> As such, he drew the ire of anti-dictatorship activists, which burned down the newspaper's office just before the outbreak of the [[Constitutionalist Revolution]].<ref name="UOL" />
In the newspaper ''A Razão'', founded by Alfredo Egidio de Souza Aranha, Salgado developed an intense campaign against the [[democratization|constitutionalization]] of Brazil.<ref name="UOL" /> As such, he drew the ire of anti-[[dictatorship]] activists, which burned down the newspaper's office just before the outbreak of the [[Constitutionalist Revolution]].<ref name="UOL" />


At the height of the Vargas dictatorship, Salgado created the Society for Political Studies, which congregated intellectuals sympathetic to Fascism.<ref name="UOL" /> Months later, he launched the ''October Manifesto'', which provided the guidelines of a new political party, the [[Brazilian Integralism|Brazilian Integralist Action]].<ref name="UOL" />
At the height of the Vargas dictatorship, Salgado created the Society for Political Studies, which congregated intellectuals sympathetic to Fascism.<ref name="UOL" /> Months later, he launched the ''October Manifesto'', which provided the guidelines of a new political party, the [[Brazilian Integralism|Brazilian Integralist Action]].<ref name="UOL" />
Line 65: Line 162:
Salgado adapted virtually all [[Fascist symbolism]] &ndash; although publicly rejecting [[racism]] &ndash; such as a [[paramilitary]] [[organization]] with [[green]]-shirted [[uniform]]ed ranks,<ref name="UOL" /> highly regimented street demonstrations, and aggressive [[rhetoric]]. The movement was directly financed, in part, by the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian]] [[embassy]]. The [[Roman salute]] was accompanied by the screaming of the [[Tupian languages|Tupi]] word ''Anauê'', which means "you are my brother", while the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[sigma]] (Σ) served as the movement's official symbol.<ref name="UOL" /> It should be noted that even though Salgado himself was never an [[antisemitism|anti-semite]], many of the party members adopted anti-semitic views.  
Salgado adapted virtually all [[Fascist symbolism]] &ndash; although publicly rejecting [[racism]] &ndash; such as a [[paramilitary]] [[organization]] with [[green]]-shirted [[uniform]]ed ranks,<ref name="UOL" /> highly regimented street demonstrations, and aggressive [[rhetoric]]. The movement was directly financed, in part, by the [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italian]] [[embassy]]. The [[Roman salute]] was accompanied by the screaming of the [[Tupian languages|Tupi]] word ''Anauê'', which means "you are my brother", while the [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] letter [[sigma]] (Σ) served as the movement's official symbol.<ref name="UOL" /> It should be noted that even though Salgado himself was never an [[antisemitism|anti-semite]], many of the party members adopted anti-semitic views.  


The Integralist Action drew its support from lower [[middle class]] [[Italian Brazilian|Italian immigrants]], a large part of the [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese community]], lower middle class Brazilians, and military [[Commissioned officer|officer]]s, especially in the [[Brazilian Navy|Navy]]. As the party grew, Vargas turned to Integralism as his only mobilized base of support on the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]], which was elated by his Fascist-style crackdown against the [[Brazilian]] [[Left-wing politics|left]]. In 1934, Salgado's movement targeted the [[Communist Party of Brazil|Communist Party]] &ndash; then under the leadership of [[Luiz Carlos Prestes]], as an underground party &ndash; mobilizing a conservative support base mass to engage in street brawls and urban [[activism]].
The Integralist Action drew its support from lower [[middle class]] [[Italian Brazilian|Italian immigrants]], a large part of the [[Portuguese Brazilian|Portuguese community]], lower middle class Brazilians, and military [[Commissioned officer|officer]]s, especially in the [[Brazilian Navy|Navy]]. As the party grew, Vargas turned to Integralism as his only mobilized base of support on the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]], which was elated by his Fascist-[[style]] crackdown against the [[Brazilian]] [[Left-wing politics|left]]. In 1934, Salgado's movement targeted the [[Communist Party of Brazil|Communist Party]] &ndash; then under the leadership of [[Luiz Carlos Prestes]], as an underground party &ndash; mobilizing a conservative support base mass to engage in street brawls and urban [[activism]].


On 1937, Salgado launched his presidential candidacy for the general elections scheduled to take place in January 1938.<ref name="UOL" /> Aware of Vargas' intention to cancel the election and remain in power, he supported his [[Vargas Era#Estado Novo|Estado Novo]] coup, hoping to make Integralism the doctrinal basis of the new regime,<ref name="UOL" /> once Vargas had promised him to take office as the Minister of Education.<ref name="FGV">{{pt}} [http://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao/dossies/JK/biografias/plinio_salgado Plínio Salgado biography] at [[Fundação Getúlio Vargas]]' Centre for Research and Documentation on the Contemporary History of Brazil.</ref> The President, however, banned the Integralist party, treating it the same way he had treated other political parties after transforming Brazil into a [[single-party state]].<ref name="UOL" />
On 1937, Salgado launched his presidential candidacy for the general elections scheduled to take place in January 1938.<ref name="UOL" /> Aware of Vargas' intention to cancel the election and remain in power, he supported his [[Vargas Era#Estado Novo|Estado Novo]] coup, hoping to make Integralism the doctrinal basis of the new regime,<ref name="UOL" /> once Vargas had promised him to take office as the Minister of Education. <ref>{{pt}} [http://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao/dossies/JK/biografias/plinio_salgado Plínio Salgado biography] at [[Fundação Getúlio Vargas]]' Centre for Research and Documentation on the Contemporary History of Brazil.</ref> The President, however, banned the Integralist party, treating it the same way he had treated other political parties after transforming Brazil into a [[single-party state]].<ref name="UOL" />


On 1939, Integralist militants tried twice, in the months of March and May, to promote uprisings against Vargas.<ref name="UOL" /> Despite denying involvement in the events,<ref name="FGV" /> Salgado was arrested after the May uprising &ndash; being imprisoned in the 17th century Santa Cruz Fortress in [[Niterói]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] &ndash;, and about a month later sent to a six-year exile in [[Portugal]].<ref name="UOL" /> During that period, he persistently sought to rehabilitate himself with the regime, praising it in several manifestos, including its decision to declare war against [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and Italy.<ref name="FGV" />
On 1939, Integralist militants tried twice, in the months of March and May, to promote uprisings against Vargas.<ref name="UOL" /> Despite denying involvement in the events, Salgado was arrested after the May uprising &ndash; being imprisoned in the 17th century Santa Cruz Fortress in [[Niterói]], [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] &ndash;, and about a month later sent to a six-year exile in [[Portugal]].<ref name="UOL" /> During that period, he persistently sought to rehabilitate himself with the regime, praising it in several manifestos, including its decision to declare war against [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] and Italy.


===Late career===
===Late career===
Salgado returned to Brazil in 1945, with the end of the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado Novo]] regime, and then founded the [[Party of Popular Representation]], reformulating the integralist doctrine.<ref name="UOL" /> Still driven by the ambition of becoming president, Salgado ran for presidency under hos new party in 1955, but finished last, obtaining just 8% of the votes (around 714,000 votes).<ref name="UOL" /> Following that, he supported the inauguration of President-elect [[Juscelino Kubitschek]], contested by the [[National Democratic Union (Brazil)|National Democratic Union]], and was named to the head of the National Institute for Immigration and Colonization.<ref name="FGV" />
Salgado returned to Brazil in 1945, with the end of the [[Estado Novo (Brazil)|Estado Novo]] regime, and then founded the [[Party of Popular Representation]], reformulating the integralist doctrine.<ref name="UOL" /> Still driven by the ambition of becoming president, Salgado ran for presidency under hos [[New Party|new party]] in 1955, but finished last, obtaining just 8% of the votes (around 714,000 votes).<ref name="UOL" /> Following that, he supported the inauguration of President-elect [[Juscelino Kubitschek]], contested by the [[National Democratic Union (Brazil)|National Democratic Union]], and was named to the head of the National Institute for Immigration and Colonization.


Salgado was elected to represent [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] in the [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|Chamber of Deputies]] in 1958.<ref name="UOL" /> He would be re-elected in 1962, this time to represent the [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] state.<ref name="UOL" />
Salgado was elected to represent [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]] in the [[Chamber of Deputies of Brazil|Chamber of Deputies]] in 1958.<ref name="UOL" /> He would be re-elected in 1962, this time to represent the [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] state.<ref name="UOL" />
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{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Activists]]
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
[[Category:Fascists]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Pages with reference errors]]
[[Category:People]]
[[Category:Philosophers]]


[[]]
[[Category:Politicians]]
[[Category:Brazil]]
[[Category:Shirt movements]]
[[Category:Shirt movements]]
[[es:Plínio Salgado]]
[[pt:Plínio Salgado]]

Latest revision as of 14:12, 25 February 2024

Plínio Salgado
Plínio Salgado
PlinioSalgado.png
Deputy of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Born January 22, 1895
Birth Place São Bento do Sapucaí, São Paulo
Died December 8, 1975
São Paulo
Political Party Brazilian Integralist Action
Spouse Maria Amélia Pereira
Carmela Patti Salgado
Religion Roman Catholic Church


Plínio Salgado (January 22, 1895 to  December 8, 1975) was a Brazilian fascist politician, writer, journalist, and theologian. He founded and led the Brazilian Integralist Action, a political party inspired on Italian Fascism.

Initially a supporter of the administration led by Getúlio Vargas, he was later persecuted and exiled in Portugal for promoting uprisings against the government. After his return, he launched the Party of Popular Representation, and was elected to represent Paraná in the Chamber of Deputies in 1958, being re-elected in 1962, this time to represent São Paulo. He was also a candidate in the 1955 presidential election, securing 8.28% of the votes. After the 1964 political improvements, which led to the extinction of political parties, he joined the National Renewal Alliance Party, obtaining two terms in the Chamber of Deputies. He retired from politics in 1974, just a year before his death.

Biography

Early life

Born in the small conservative town of São Bento do Sapucaí in the São Paulo state, Plínio Salgado was the son of Colonel Francisco das Chagas, a local political leader, and Ana Francisca Rennó Cortez, a teacher. A very active child at school, he had special interest for mathematics and geometry. After the loss of his father, at the age of 16; a fact that is said to have made him a bitter young man, his interests shifted towards psychology and philosophy.

At the age of 20, Salgado founded and directed the weekly newspaper Correio de São Bento.[1] In 1918, he began his political life by taking part in the foundation of a party called Partido Municipalista.[2] This party congregated town leaders from municipalities in the Paraíba Valley region, and advocated municipal autonomy.

Also in that year, Salgado married Maria Amélia Pereira, and on July 6, 1919, his only daughter Maria Amélia Salgado was born. Fifteen days after giving birth to the couple's daughter, Maria Amélia died. Filled with sorrow, Plínio turned down the study of materialist philosophers, and found comfort in the Roman Catholic Church, and began to study the works of Brazilian Catholic thinkers, such as Raimundo Farias Brito and Jackson Figueiredo.[2] Again, the death of a loved one had a great impact on the course of Salgado's life. He would only marry again 17 years later, with Carmela Patti.

Through his articles in Correio de São Bento, Salgado became known by fellow journalists in São Paulo, and in 1920 was invited to work there in Correio Paulistano, the official newspaper of the Republican Party of São Paulo, where he became a friend of poet Menotti del Picchia.[2] He was a discrete member of the Modern Art Week in 1922.[2] He published his first novel, The Stranger in 1926.[2] After that, alongside Cassiano Ricardo, del Picchia and Cândido Mota Filho, he launched the Green-Yellow movement, a fascist group inside Modernist movement.[2] The following year, also alongside del Picchia and Ricardo, Salgado launched the Anta movement, which exalted the Indigenous peoples in Brazil, particularly the Tupi people, as the true carriers of the Brazilian identity.[2]

That same year, he published his book Literature and Politics, in which he defends fascistic ideas with a strong anti-liberal and pro-latifundia stance, inspired by Alberto Torres and Oliveira Viana.[2] His shift to Fascist politics, made Ricardo launch the Flag movement, a social-democratic dissidence of the Green-Yellow and Anta movements.

Integralism

Members of the Feminine Section of Brazilian Integralist Action in Taquaritinga, Sate of São Paulo, giving Roman Salute

In 1930, Salgado supported the presidential candidacy of Júlio Prestes against Getúlio Vargas.[2] At that time, during a trip to Europe, he became impressed with Benito Mussolini's Fascist movement in Italy.[2] After his return to Brazil, on October 4, 1930, a day after the beginning of the 1930 Revolution which deposed President Washington Luís, he began to support the Vargas administration.[2]

In the newspaper A Razão, founded by Alfredo Egidio de Souza Aranha, Salgado developed an intense campaign against the communists of Brazil.[2] As such, he drew the ire of communist activists, which burned down the newspaper's office just before the outbreak of the yet another bloody Revolution.[2]

At the height of the Vargas administration, Salgado created the Society for Political Studies, which congregated intellectuals sympathetic to Fascism.[2] Months later, he launched the October Manifesto, which provided the guidelines of a new political party, the Brazilian Integralist Action.[2]

Salgado adapted virtually all Fascist Roman hallmarks; firmly rejecting racism and organizing a group with green-shirted uniformed ranks,[2] disciplined street demonstrations, and inciteful, thought provocing speeches. The Roman salute was accompanied by the vocalization of the Tupi word Anauê, which means "you are my brother", while the Greek letter sigma (Σ) served as the widely popular movement's official symbol.[2] Salgado himself was never an anti-jew.

The Integralist Action drew its support from lower middle class Italian immigrants (who hated communism), a large part of the Portuguese community, lower middle class Brazilians, and military officers, especially in the Brazilian Navy. As the party grew, Vargas turned to Integralism as his only mobilized base of support on the right-wing, which was elated by his Fascist corrections. In 1934, Salgado's movement targeted the Communist Party, then under the leadership of Luiz Carlos Prestes, as an underground party, mobilizing a conservative support base mass to engage in urban activism.

On 1937, Salgado launched his presidential candidacy for the general elections scheduled to take place in January 1938.[2] He supported his Estado Novo coup, hoping to make Integralism the doctrinal basis of the new regime,[2] once Vargas had promised him to take office as the Minister of Education.[3] The President, however, banned the Integralist party, treating it the same way he had treated other political parties after transforming Brazil into a single-party state.[2]

On 1939, Integralists tried twice, in the months of March and May, to promote uprisings against Vargas.[2] Despite denying involvement in the events, Salgado was arrested after the May uprising, being imprisoned in the 17th century Santa Cruz Fortress in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, and about a month later sent to a six-year exile in Portugal.[2] During that period, he cucked, and persistently sought to rehabilitate himself with the administration, praising it in several manifestos, including its decision to declare war against Germany and Italy.

Late career

Salgado returned to Brazil in 1945, with the end of the Brazilian Estado Novo, and then founded the Party of Popular Representation, reformulating the integralist doctrine.[2] Still driven by the ambition of becoming president, Salgado ran for presidency under his new party in 1955, but finished last, obtaining just 8% of the votes (around 714,000 votes).[2] Following that, he supported the inauguration of President-elect Juscelino Kubitschek, contested by the National Democratic Union, and was named to the head of the National Institute for Immigration and Colonization.

Salgado was elected to represent Paraná in the in 1958.[2] He would be re-elected in 1962, this time to represent São Paulo state.[2]

In 1964, he was one of the speakers at the March of Family with God for Freedom rally in São Paulo against President João Goulart.[2] Salgado supported the coup d'état which overthrew Goulart, and with the introduction of the two-party system, he joined the National Renewal Alliance Party, obtaining two terms as a member of the Chamber, in 1966 and 1970.[2] In 1974, he retired from political life.

Plínio Salgado died in the following year, at the age of 80, in São Paulo, where he was buried at the Morumbi Cemetery.


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Plínio Salgado
Born January 22, 1895(1895-01-22)
São Bento do Sapucaí, São Paulo
Died December 8, 1975 (aged 80)
São Paulo, São Paulo
Nationality Brazilian
Occupation Author, politician, journalist, and theologian
Known for Founder of the Green Shirts in Brazil
Influenced by Benito Mussolini, Alberto Torres
Title Federal deputy
Term 1958–1974
Political party Brazilian Integralist Action
Religion Roman Catholic
Spouse Maria Amélia Pereira (1918–1919) (her death)
Carmela Patti Salgado (1934–1975) (his death)

Plínio Salgado (Portuguese:; January 22, 1895 – December 8, 1975) was a Brazilian politician, writer, journalist, and theologian. He founded and led the Brazilian Integralist Action, a far-right political party inspired on the Italian Fascist movement.

Initially a supporter of the dictatorship led by Getúlio Vargas, he was later persecuted and exiled in Portugal for promoting uprisings against the government. After his return, he launched the Party of Popular Representation, and was elected to represent Paraná in the Chamber of Deputies in 1958, being re-elected in 1962, this time to represent São Paulo. He was also a candidate in the 1955 presidential election, securing 8.28% of the votes. After the 1964 coup d'état, which led to the extinction of political parties, he joined the National Renewal Alliance Party, obtaining two terms in the Chamber of Deputies. He retired from politics in 1974, just a year before his death.

Biography

Early life

Born in the small conservative town of São Bento do Sapucaí in the São Paulo state, Plínio Salgado was the son of Colonel Francisco das Chagas, a local political leader, and Ana Francisca Rennó Cortez, a teacher. A very active child at school, he had special interest for mathematics and geometry. After the loss of his father, at the age of 16 – a fact that is said to have made him a bitter young man –, his interests shifted towards psychology and philosophy.

At the age of 20, Salgado founded and directed the weekly newspaper Correio de São Bento.[2] In 1918, he began his political life by taking part in the foundation of a party called Partido Municipalista.[2] This party congregated town leaders from municipalities in the Paraíba Valley region, and advocated municipal autonomy.

Also in that year, Salgado married Maria Amélia Pereira, and on July 6, 1919, his only daughter Maria Amélia Salgado was born. Fifteen days after giving birth to the couple's daughter, Maria Amélia died. Filled with sorrow, Plínio turned down the study of materialist philosophers, and found comfort in the Roman Catholic theology, and began to study the works of Brazilian Catholic thinkers, such as Raimundo Farias Brito and Jackson Figueiredo.[2] Again, the death of a loved one had a great impact on the course of Salgado's life. He would only marry again 17 years later, with Carmela Patti.

Through his articles in Correio de São Bento, Salgado became known by fellow journalists in São Paulo, and in 1920 was invited to work there in Correio Paulistano, the official newspaper of the Republican Party of São Paulo, where he became a friend of poet Menotti del Picchia.[2] He was a discrete member of the Modern Art Week in 1922.[2] He published his first novel, The Stranger in 1926.[2] After that, alongside Cassiano Ricardo, del Picchia and Cândido Mota Filho, he launched the Green-Yellow movement, a fascistic group inside Modernist movement.[2] The following year, also alongside del Picchia and Ricardo, Salgado launched the Anta movement, which exalted the indigenous peoples, particularly the Tupi, as the true carriers of the Brazilian identity.[2]

That same year, he published his book Literature and Politics, in which he defends fascistic ideas with a strong anti-liberal and pro-latifundia stance, inspired by Alberto Torres and Oliveira Viana.[2] His shift to far right-wing politics, made Ricardo launch the Flag movement, a social-democratic dissidence of the Green-Yellow and Anta movements.

Integralism

In 1930, Salgado supports the presidential candidacy of Júlio Prestes against Getúlio Vargas.[2] At that time, during a trip to Europe, he became impressed with Benito Mussolini's Fascist movement in Italy.[2] After his return to Brazil, on October 4, 1930, a day after the beginning of the 1930 Revolution which deposed President Washington Luís, Salgado wrote two articles in Correio Paulistano defending his administration.[2] Nevertheless, with the victory of the revolutionaries, he began to support the Vargas regime.[2]

In the newspaper A Razão, founded by Alfredo Egidio de Souza Aranha, Salgado developed an intense campaign against the constitutionalization of Brazil.[2] As such, he drew the ire of anti-dictatorship activists, which burned down the newspaper's office just before the outbreak of the Constitutionalist Revolution.[2]

At the height of the Vargas dictatorship, Salgado created the Society for Political Studies, which congregated intellectuals sympathetic to Fascism.[2] Months later, he launched the October Manifesto, which provided the guidelines of a new political party, the Brazilian Integralist Action.[2]

Salgado adapted virtually all Fascist symbolism – although publicly rejecting racism – such as a paramilitary organization with green-shirted uniformed ranks,[2] highly regimented street demonstrations, and aggressive rhetoric. The movement was directly financed, in part, by the Italian embassy. The Roman salute was accompanied by the screaming of the Tupi word Anauê, which means "you are my brother", while the Greek letter sigma (Σ) served as the movement's official symbol.[2] It should be noted that even though Salgado himself was never an anti-semite, many of the party members adopted anti-semitic views.

The Integralist Action drew its support from lower middle class Italian immigrants, a large part of the Portuguese community, lower middle class Brazilians, and military officers, especially in the Navy. As the party grew, Vargas turned to Integralism as his only mobilized base of support on the right-wing, which was elated by his Fascist-style crackdown against the Brazilian left. In 1934, Salgado's movement targeted the Communist Party – then under the leadership of Luiz Carlos Prestes, as an underground party – mobilizing a conservative support base mass to engage in street brawls and urban activism.

On 1937, Salgado launched his presidential candidacy for the general elections scheduled to take place in January 1938.[2] Aware of Vargas' intention to cancel the election and remain in power, he supported his Estado Novo coup, hoping to make Integralism the doctrinal basis of the new regime,[2] once Vargas had promised him to take office as the Minister of Education. [4] The President, however, banned the Integralist party, treating it the same way he had treated other political parties after transforming Brazil into a single-party state.[2]

On 1939, Integralist militants tried twice, in the months of March and May, to promote uprisings against Vargas.[2] Despite denying involvement in the events, Salgado was arrested after the May uprising – being imprisoned in the 17th century Santa Cruz Fortress in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro –, and about a month later sent to a six-year exile in Portugal.[2] During that period, he persistently sought to rehabilitate himself with the regime, praising it in several manifestos, including its decision to declare war against Germany and Italy.

Late career

Salgado returned to Brazil in 1945, with the end of the Estado Novo regime, and then founded the Party of Popular Representation, reformulating the integralist doctrine.[2] Still driven by the ambition of becoming president, Salgado ran for presidency under hos new party in 1955, but finished last, obtaining just 8% of the votes (around 714,000 votes).[2] Following that, he supported the inauguration of President-elect Juscelino Kubitschek, contested by the National Democratic Union, and was named to the head of the National Institute for Immigration and Colonization.

Salgado was elected to represent Paraná in the Chamber of Deputies in 1958.[2] He would be re-elected in 1962, this time to represent the São Paulo state.[2]

In 1964, he was one of the speakers at the March of Family with God for Freedom rally in São Paulo against President João Goulart.[2] Salgado supported the 1964 coup d'état which overthrew Goulart, and with the introduction of the two-party system, he joined the National Renewal Alliance Party, obtaining two terms as a member of the Chamber, in 1966 and 1970.[2] In 1974, he retired from political life.

Death

Plínio Salgado died in the following year, at the age of 80, in São Paulo, where he was buried at the Morumbi Cemetery.

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://educacao.uol.com.br/biografias/plinio-salgado.jhtm Plínio Salgado biography] at UOL Educação.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 . Plínio Salgado biography at UOL Educação.
  3. ↑ http://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao/dossies/JK/biografias/plinio_salgado Plínio Salgado biography at Fundação Getúlio Vargas' Centre for Research and Documentation on the Contemporary History of Brazil.
  4. ↑ . Plínio Salgado biography at Fundação Getúlio Vargas' Centre for Research and Documentation on the Contemporary History of Brazil.
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