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Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras; others dispute this story, Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge and a practitioner was known as a philosopher. From the time of [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] philosopher [[Aristotle]] to the 19th century, "natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.
Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras; others dispute this story, Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge and a practitioner was known as a philosopher. From the time of [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] philosopher [[Aristotle]] to the 19th century, "natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.
=Fields=
<div style="column-count:3">
=== Aesthetical movements ===
* [[Symbolism]]
* [[Romanticism]]
* [[Historicism]]
* [[Classicism]]
* [[Modernism]]
* [[Postmodernism]]
* [[Psychoanalytic theory]]
=== Epistemological stances ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Coherentism]]
* [[Constructivist epistemology]]
* [[Contextualism]]
* [[Embodied cognition]]
* [[Empiricism]]
* [[Fallibilism]]
* [[Foundationalism]]
* [[Holism]]
* [[Infinitism]]
* [[Innatism]]
* [[Logical positivism]]
* [[Naïve realism]]
* [[Naturalized epistemology]]
* [[Objectivism]]
* [[Phenomenalism]]
* [[Positivism]]
* [[Reductionism]]
* [[Reliabilism]]
* [[Representative realism]]
* [[Rationalism]]
* [[Situated cognition]]
* [[Skepticism]]
* [[Theory of Forms]]
* [[Transcendental idealism]]
* [[Uniformitarianism]]
{{Div col end}}
=== Ethical theories ===
* [[Consequentialism]]
* [[Deontological ethics|Deontology]]
* [[Virtue ethics]]
* [[Moral realism]]
* [[Moral relativism]]
* [[Error theory]]
* [[Non-cognitivism]]
* [[Ethical egoism]]
* [[Cultural relativism]]
* [[Cultural Marxism]]
=== Logical systems ===
* [[Classical logic]]
* [[Intermediate logic]]
* [[Intuitionistic logic]]
* [[Minimal logic]]
* [[Relevant logic]]
* [[Affine logic]]
* [[Linear logic]]
* [[Ordered logic]]
* [[Dialetheism]]
=== Metaphysical stances ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Absurdism]]
* [[Anti-realism]]
* [[Cartesian dualism]]
* [[Free will]]
* [[Materialism]]
* [[Meaning of life]]
* [[Idealism]]
* [[Existentialism]]
* [[Essentialism]]
* [[Libertarianism]]
* [[Determinism]]
* [[Compatibilism]]
* [[Naturalism]]
* [[Monism]]
* [[Platonic idealism]]
* [[Hindu idealism]]
* [[Phenomenalism]]
* [[Nihilism]]
* [[Philosophical realism|Realism]]
* [[Physicalism]]
* [[Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality]]
* [[Relativism]]
* [[Scientific realism]]
* [[Solipsism]]
* [[Subjectivism]]
* [[Substance theory]]
* [[Type theory]]
*[[Emergentism]]
*[[Emanationism]]
{{Div col end}}
=== Political philosophies ===
* [[Anarchism]]
* [[Authoritarianism]]
* [[Capitalism]]
* [[Conservatism]]
* [[Communism]]
* [[Fascism]]
* [[Francoism]]
* [[Italian Fascism]]
* [[judeo-Marxism]]
* [[Liberalism]]
* [[Libertarianism]]
* [[National Socialism]]
* [[Marxism]]
* [[Social democracy]]
* [[Socialism]]
=== Philosophy of language theories and stances ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Causal theory of reference]]
* [[Contrast theory of meaning]]
* [[Contrastivism]]
* [[Conventionalism]]
* [[Cratylism]]
* [[Deconstruction]]
* [[Descriptivist theory of names]]
* [[Direct reference theory]]
* [[Dramatism]]
* [[Expressivism]]
* [[Linguistic determinism]]
* [[Logical atomism]]
* [[Mediated reference theory]]
* [[Nominalism]]
* [[Non-cognitivism]]
* [[Phallogocentrism]]
* [[Quietism]]
* [[Relevance theory]]
* [[Semantic externalism]]
* [[Semantic holism]]
* [[Structuralism]]
* [[Supposition theory]]
* [[Symbiosism]]
* [[Theological noncognitivism]]
* [[Theory of descriptions]]
* [[Verification theory]]
{{Div col end}}
=== Philosophy of mind theories and stances ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Behaviourism]]
* [[Biological naturalism]]
* [[Consciousness]]
* [[Disjunctivism]]
* [[Dualism]]
* [[Eliminative materialism]]
* [[Emergent materialism]]
* [[Enactivism]]
* [[Epiphenomenalism]]
* [[Functionalism]]
* [[Identity theory]]
* [[Idealism]]
* [[Interactionism]]
* [[Materialism]]
* '''[[Monism]]'''
* [[Neutral monism]]
* [[Panpsychism]]
* [[Phenomenalism]]
* [[Phenomenology]]
* [[Physicalism]]
* [[Property dualism]]
* [[Representational theory of mind]]
* [[Sense datum theory]]
* [[Solipsism]]
* [[Substance dualism]]
* [[Qualia theory]]
{{Div col end}}
=== Philosophy of religion stances ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Theories of religion]]
* [[Acosmism]]
* [[Agnosticism]]
* [[Animism]]
* [[Antireligion]]
* [[Atheism]]
* [[Dharma|Dharmism]]
* [[Deism]]
* [[Divine command theory]]
* [[Dualistic cosmology]]
* [[Esotericism]]
* [[Exclusivism]]
* [[Existentialism]]
** [[Christian existentialism|Christian]]
** [[Agnostic existentialism|Agnostic]]
** [[Atheist existentialism|Atheist]]
* [[Feminist theology]]
* [[Fideism]]
* [[Fundamentalism]]
* [[Gnosticism]]
* [[Henotheism]]
* [[Humanism]]
** [[Religious humanism|Religious]]
** [[Secular humanism|Secular]]
** [[Christian humanism|Christian]]
* [[Inclusivism]]
* [[Monism]]
* [[Monotheism]]
* [[Mysticism]]
* [[Naturalism]]
** [[Metaphysical naturalism]]
** [[Religious naturalism]]
** [[Humanistic naturalism]]
* [[New Age]]
* [[Nondualism]]
* [[Nontheism]]
* [[Pandeism]]
* [[Pantheism]]
* [[Perennialism]]
* [[Polytheism]]
* [[Process theology]]
* [[Spiritualism]]
* [[Shamanism]]
* [[Taoism]]
* [[Theism]]
* [[Transcendentalism]]
{{Div col end}}
=== Philosophy of science theories and stances ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Confirmation holism]]
* [[Coherentism]]
* [[Contextualism]]
* [[Conventionalism]]
* [[Deductive-nomological model]]
* [[Determinism]]
* [[Empiricism]]
* [[Fallibilism]]
* [[Foundationalism]]
* [[Hypothetico-deductive model]]
* [[Infinitism]]
* [[Instrumentalism]]
* [[Positivism]]
* [[Pragmatism]]
* [[Rationalism]]
* [[Received view of theories]]
* [[Reductionism]]
* [[Semantic view of theories]]
* [[Scientific realism]]
* [[Scientism]]
* [[Anti-realism|Scientific anti-realism]]
* [[Skepticism]]
* [[Uniformitarianism (science)|Uniformitarianism]]
* [[Vitalism]]
{{Div col end}}
</div>
[[Category:Philosophy]]


[[Category:Definitions]]
[[Category:Definitions]]

Revision as of 14:39, 15 December 2022

Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras; others dispute this story, Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge and a practitioner was known as a philosopher. From the time of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to the 19th century, "natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.

Fields

Aesthetical movements

Epistemological stances

Ethical theories

Logical systems

Metaphysical stances

Political philosophies


Philosophy of language theories and stances

Philosophy of mind theories and stances

Philosophy of religion stances

Philosophy of science theories and stances

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