Philosophy: Difference between revisions

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* [[Modernism]]
* [[Modernism]]
* [[Postmodernism]]
* [[Postmodernism]]
* [[Psychoanalytic [[theory]]]]
* [[Psychoanalytic theory]]


=== Epistemological stances ===
=== Epistemological stances ===
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* [[Moral relativism]]
* [[Moral relativism]]
* [[National Socialism]]
* [[National Socialism]]
* [[Error [[theory]]]]
* [[Error theory]]
* [[Non-cognitivism]]
* [[Non-cognitivism]]
* [[Ethical egoism]]
* [[Ethical egoism]]
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* [[Solipsism]]
* [[Solipsism]]
* [[Subjectivism]]
* [[Subjectivism]]
* [[Substance [[theory]]]]
* [[Substance theory]]
* [[Type [[theory]]]]
]]
* [[Type theory]]
*[[Emergentism]]
*[[Emergentism]]
*[[Emanationism]]
*[[Emanationism]]
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=== Philosophy of language theories and stances ===
=== Philosophy of language theories and stances ===
{{Div col}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Causal [[theory]] of reference]]
* [[Causal theory of reference]]
* [[Contrast [[theory]] of meaning]]
* [[Contrast theory of meaning]]
* [[Contrastivism]]
* [[Contrastivism]]
* [[Conventionalism]]
* [[Conventionalism]]
* [[Cratylism]]
* [[Cratylism]]
* [[Deconstruction]]
* [[Deconstruction]]
* [[Descriptivist [[theory]] of names]]
* [[Descriptivist theory of names]]
* [[Direct reference [[theory]]]]
* [[Direct reference [[theory]]]]
* [[Dramatism]]
* [[Dramatism]]
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* [[Linguistic determinism]]
* [[Linguistic determinism]]
* [[Logical atomism]]
* [[Logical atomism]]
* [[Mediated reference [[theory]]]]
* [[Mediated reference theory]]
* [[Nominalism]]
* [[Nominalism]]
* [[Non-cognitivism]]
* [[Non-cognitivism]]
* [[Phallogocentrism]]
* [[Phallogocentrism]]
* [[Quietism]]
* [[Quietism]]
* [[Relevance [[theory]]]]
* [[Relevance theory]]
* [[Semantic externalism]]
* [[Semantic externalism]]
* [[Semantic holism]]
* [[Semantic holism]]
* [[Sophism]]
* [[Sophism]]
* [[Structuralism]]
* [[Structuralism]]
* [[Supposition [[theory]]]]
* [[Supposition theory]]
* [[Symbiosism]]
* [[Symbiosism]]
* [[Theological noncognitivism]]
* [[Theological noncognitivism]]
* [[Theory of descriptions]]
* [[Theory of descriptions]]
* [[Verification [[theory]]]]
* [[Verification theory]]
{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}


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* [[Epiphenomenalism]]
* [[Epiphenomenalism]]
* [[Functionalism]]
* [[Functionalism]]
* [[Identity [[theory]]]]
* [[Identity theory]]
* [[Idealism]]
* [[Idealism]]
* [[Interactionism]]
* [[Interactionism]]
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* [[Physicalism]]
* [[Physicalism]]
* [[Property dualism]]
* [[Property dualism]]
* [[Representational [[theory]] of mind]]
* [[Representational theory of mind]]
* [[Sense datum [[theory]]]]
* [[Sense datum theory]]
* [[Solipsism]]
* [[Solipsism]]
* [[Substance dualism]]
* [[Substance dualism]]
* [[Qualia [[theory]]]]
* [[Qualia theory]]
{{Div col end}}
{{Div col end}}


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* [[Dharma|Dharmism]]
* [[Dharma|Dharmism]]
* [[Deism]]
* [[Deism]]
* [[Divine command [[theory]]]]
* [[Divine command theory]]
* [[Dualistic cosmology]]
* [[Dualistic cosmology]]
* [[Esotericism]]
* [[Esotericism]]

Revision as of 00:03, 11 February 2023

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Philosophy is the discipline concerned with questions of how one should live (ethics); what sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures (metaphysics); what counts as genuine knowledge (epistemology); and what are the correct principles of reasoning (logic).[1] [2] The word itself is of Greek origin: (philosophía), a compound of (phílos: friend, or lover) and (sophía: wisdom).[3][4]

The field has historically expanded and changed depending upon what kinds of questions were interesting or relevant in a given era, it is generally agreed that philosophy is a method, rather than a set of claims, propositions, or theories. Its investigations are based upon rational thinking, striving to make no unexamined assumptions and no leaps based on faith or pure analogy. Different philosophers have had varied ideas about the nature of reason, and there is also disagreement about the subject matter of philosophy. Some think that philosophy examines the process of inquiry itself. Others, that there are essentially philosophical propositions which it is the task of philosophy to prove.[5]

Although the word "philosophy" originates in the Western tradition, many figures in the history of other cultures have addressed similar topics in similar ways.[6]

Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras; others dispute this story, Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge and a practitioner was known as a philosopher. From the time of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to the 19th century, "natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.

By Field

Aesthetical movements

Epistemological stances

Ethical theories

Logical systems

Metaphysical stances

Political philosophies

Philosophy of language theories and stances

Philosophy of mind theories and stances

Philosophy of religion stances

Philosophy of science theories and stances

Alphabetical listing

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

References

  1. ↑ Quinton, Anthony; ed. Ted Honderich (1996). "Philosophy". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy.
  2. ↑ Will Durant, Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers, Pocket, 1991, ISBN: 0671739166, ISBN-13 978-0671739164.
  3. ↑ "But philosophy has been both the seeking of wisdom and the wisdom sought." Dagobert D. Runes. Dictionary of Philosophy Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1428613102
  4. ↑ The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe." Webster's New World Dictionary.
  5. ↑ Blackburn, Simon (1994). "Philosophy", The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  6. ↑ Cua, Anthony S.. "Emergence of the history of Chinese philosophy", Comparative Approaches to Chinese Philosophy.
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