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13:56, 16 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Confirmation holism (Created page with "In philosophy of science, '''confirmation holism''', also called '''epistemological holism''', is the view that no individual statement can be confirmed or disconfirmed by an empirical test, but rather that only a set of statements (a whole theory) can be so. It is attributed to Willard Van Orman Quine who motivated his holism through extending Pierre Duhem's problem of underdetermination in physical theory to all knowledge claims. <ref nam...")
13:47, 16 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Coherentism (Created page with "In philosophical epistemology, there are two types of '''coherentism''': the coherence theory of truth;<ref name=SEP-CTT>[https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-coherence/ The Coherence Theory of Truth (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)]</ref> and the '''coherence theory of justification'''<ref name=SEP-CTJ>[https://p...")
13:41, 16 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Contextualism (Created page with "'''Contextualism''', also known as '''epistemic contextualism''', is a family of views in philosophy which emphasize the context in which an action, utterance, or expression occurs. Proponents of contextualism argue that, in some important respect, the action, utterance, or expression can only be understood relative to that context. Contextualist views hold that philosophically controversial concepts, such as "meaning P", "knowing that P", "having a reason to A", and...")
13:31, 16 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Ethics (Created page with "'''Ethics''' or '''moral philosophy''' is a branch<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Die Literaturrundschau|last1=Verst |first1=Ludger |last2=Kampmann |first2=Susanne |last3=Eilers |first3=Franz-Josef|date=2015-07-27|publisher=Communicatio Socialis|oclc=914511982}}</ref> of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior".<ref name="iep.utm.edu">''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' {{cite web| url = http://ww...")
13:15, 16 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Conventionalism (Created page with "'''Conventionalism''' is the philosophical attitude that fundamental principles of a certain kind are grounded on (explicit or implicit) agreements in (fascist) society, rather than on external reality. Unspoken rules play a key role in the philosophy's structure. Although this attitude is commonly held with respect to the rules of grammar, its application to the propositions of ethics, law, science, biology, mathematics, and logic is more controversi...")
13:11, 16 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Deductive-nomological model (Created page with "The '''deductive-nomological model''' (DN model) of scientific explanation, also known as Hempel's model, the Hempel–Oppenheim model, the Popper–Hempel model, or the covering law model, is a formal view of scientifically answering questions asking, "Why...?". The DN model poses scientific explanation as a deductive structure, one where truth of its premises entails truth of its conclusion, hinged on accurate prediction or postdiction of the phenomenon to be explained...")
13:05, 16 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Determinism (Created page with "'''Determinism''' is a philosophical view, where all events are determined completely by previously existing causes. Deterministic theories throughout the history of philosophy have developed from diverse and sometimes overlapping motives and considerations. The opposite of determinism is some kind of indeterminism (otherwise called nondeterminism) or randomness. Determinism is often contrasted with free will, although some philosophers claim that the two...")
13:01, 16 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Empiricism (Created page with "In philosophy, '''Empiricism''' is an aepistemological theory that holds that knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience. It is one of several views within epistemology, along with rationalism and skepticism. Empiricism emphasizes the central role of empirical evidence in the formation of ideas, rather than innate ideas or traditions. However, empiricists may argue that traditions (or customs) arise due to relations of prev...")
12:56, 16 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Fallibilism (Created page with "'''Fallibilism''' (from Latin: fallibilis, "liable to err") is the philosophical principles that propositions concerning empirical knowledge can be accepted even though they cannot be proven with certainty, or in short, that no beliefs are certain. The term was coined in the late nineteenth century by the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce, as a response to foundationalism. Nowadays, theorists may also refer to fallibilism as the notion that empirical kn...")
12:50, 16 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Anti-realism (Redirected page to Scientific anti-realism) Tag: New redirect
12:48, 16 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Foundationalism (Created page with "'''Foundationalism''' concerns philosophical[ theories of knowledge resting upon non-inferential justified belief, or some secure foundation of certainty such as a conclusion inferred from a basis of sound premises. The main rival of the foundationalist theory of justification is the coherence theory of justification, whereby a body of knowledge, not requiring a secure foundation, can be established by the interlocking strength of its components, like a puzzle solved...")
18:34, 15 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Hypothetico-deductive model (Created page with "The hypothetico-deductive model or method is fringe science, a proposed description of the scientific method. According to it, scientific inquiry proceeds by formulating a hypothesis in a form that can be falsifiable, using a test on observable data where the outcome is not yet known. A test outcome that could have and does run contrary to predictions of the hypothesis is taken as a falsification of the hypothesis. A test outcome that could have, but does not run con...")
18:20, 15 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Infinitism (Created page with "'''Infinitism''' is the fascist idea that knowledge may sometimes be justified by an infinite chain of reasons. It belongs to epistemology, the branch of philosophy that considers the possibility, nature, and means of knowledge. Category:Definitions Category:Philosophy")
18:16, 15 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Instrumentalism (Created page with "In philosophy of science and in epistemology, '''instrumentalism''' is a methodological view that ideas are useful instruments, and that the worth of an idea is based on how effective it is in explaining and predicting phenomena. According to instrumentalists, a successful scientific theory reveals nothing known either true or false about nature's unobservable objects, properties or processes. Scientific theory is merely a tool whereby humans predict observations...")
18:13, 15 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Uniformitarianism (science) (Redirected page to Uniformitarianism) Tag: New redirect
18:12, 15 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Uniformitarianism (Created page with "'''Uniformitarianism''', also known as the '''Doctrine of Uniformity''' or the '''Uniformitarian Principle''',<ref>Scott|first=G. H.|date=1963|title=Uniformitarianism, the uniformity of nature, and paleoecology |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics|volume=6|issue=4|pages=510–527 |doi=10.1080/00288306.1963.10420063|issn=0028-8306|doi-access=free</ref> is the assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in our present-day scientific o...")
17:59, 15 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Scientific anti-realism (Created page with "'''Anti-realists''' argue that the empirical success of our best scientific theories does not warrant belief in the approximate truth (or the existence of the theoretical posits) of our best scientific theories because the history of science is a graveyard of theories that were once successful but were later discarded. The first argument is commonly known as the “miracle argument” or the “no miracles argument” for scientific realism, whereas the second argument...")
17:50, 15 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Scientism (Created page with "'''Scientism''' is the opinion that science and the scientific method are the best or only way to render truth about the world and reality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glossary Definition: Scientism |url=https://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/gengloss/sciism-body.html |date=1999 |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=www.pbs.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001011010123/https://www.pbs.org/faithandreason/gengloss/sciism-body.html |archive-date=2000-10-11 |url-statu...")
16:36, 15 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Philosophy of science (Created page with "{{Nopic}} '''Philosophy of science''' is a branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. The central questions of this study concern what qualifies as science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose of science. This discipline overlaps with metaphysics, ontology, and epistemology, for example, when it explores the relationship between science and truth. Philosophy of science focuse...")
12:57, 14 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Scientific realism (Created page with "'''Scientific realism''' is the view that the universe described by science is real regardless of how it may be interpreted. Within philosophy of science, the discussion on the success of science centers primarily on the status of unobservable entities (theories such as evolution, quantum physics, even ghosts and spirits, or anything unobservable) spoken about by scientific theories. Generally, those who are scientific realists assert that one can make valid claims...")
12:44, 14 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Semantic view of theories (Created page with "The '''semantic view of theories''' is a position in the philosophy of science that holds that a scientific theory can be identified with a collection of models. The semantic view of theories was originally proposed by Patrick Suppes in “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences”<ref>Suppes, P. (1960), “A Comparison of the Meaning and Uses of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences,” Synthese 12: 287–...")
12:35, 14 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Reductionism (Created page with "'''Reductionism''' is any of several related philosophical ideas regarding the associations between phenomena which can be described in terms of other simpler or more fundamental phenomena.<ref>Webster's Dictionary</ref> It is also described as an intellectual and philosophical position that interprets a complex system as the sum of its parts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Kricheldorf|first=Hans R.|title=Getting It Right in Science and Medicine: Can Scien...")
23:54, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Received view of theories (Created page with "The '''received view of theories''' is a position in the philosophy of science that identifies a scientific theory with a set of propositions which are considered to be linguistic objects, such as axioms. Frederick Suppe describes the position of the received view by saying that it identifies scientific theories with "axiomatic calculi in which theoretical terms are given a partial observation interpretation by mean of correspondence rules."<ref>Suppe, Frederick (19...")
23:42, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Qualia (Redirected page to Qualia theory) Tag: New redirect
23:40, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Qualia theory (Created page with "'''Qualia''' (singular form: quale) are defined as individual instances of subjective, conscious experience. The term qualia derives from the Latin neuter plural form (qualia) of the Latin adjective "quālis" meaning "of what sort" or "of what kind" in a specific instance, such as "what it is like to taste a specific apple, this particular apple now". Examples of qualia include the perceived sensation of pain of a headache, the taste of wine, as well as the rednes...")
17:00, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Substance dualism (Created page with "'''Substance Dualism''' is the philosophical position that states that there are two kinds of substance, material and mental, and as a result, there are two kinds of properties. Substance Dualism teaches that the human mind is a different substance than the physical brain so that when the brain ceases to exist the mind continues to exist. Related to property dualism and representational theory of mind. ")
16:51, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Solipsism (Created page with "'''Solipsism''' from la solus 'alone', and ipse 'self')<ref> "solipsism". solipsism. "Philosophical Dictionary:Solipsism".</ref><ref>Wood, Ledger (1962).</ref><ref>Dictionary of Philosophy. Totowa, NJ: Littlefield, Adams, and Company. pp. 295.</ref> is the philosophical idea that only one's mind is sure to exist. As an epistemological position, solipsism holds that knowledge of anything outside one's own mind is unsure; the external world and other minds cannot be k...")
16:42, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Sense datum (Redirected page to Sense datum theory) Tag: New redirect
16:40, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Sense data (Redirected page to Sense datum theory) Tag: New redirect
16:39, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Sense datum theory (Created page with "'''Sense data''', or '''sense datum''' in the singular, is a technical term in philosophy that means “what is given to sense”. Sense data constitute what we, as perceiving subjects, are directly aware of in perceptual experience, prior to cognitive acts such as inferring, judging, or affirming that such-and-such objects or properties are present. In vision, sense data are typically described as patches exhibiting colors and shapes. For the other senses, they woul...")
16:06, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Representational theory of mind (Created page with "A '''mental representation''' (or '''cognitive representation'''), in philosophy of mind, cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science, is a hypothetical internal cognitive symbol that represents external reality,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url = https://philpapers.org/archive/MORRGM.pdf|title = Representations Gone Mental|last = Morgan|first = Alex|date = 2014|journal = Synthese |volume=191 |issue=2|doi = 10.1007/s11229-013-0328-7|pages = 213–44|s2c...")
14:53, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Property dualism (Created page with "'''Property dualism''' describes a category of positions in the philosophy of mind which hold that, although the world is composed of just one kind of substance—the physical kind—there exist two distinct kinds of properties: physical properties and mental properties. In other words, it is the view that non-physical, mental properties (such as thoughts, imagination and memories) exist in, or naturally supervene upon, certain physical substances (namely brains). [...")
14:44, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Physicalism (Created page with "Physicalism is the metaphysical thesis that "everything is physical", that there is "nothing over and above" the physical, or that everything supervenes on the physical Physicalism is a form of ontological monism, a "one substance" view of the nature of reality as opposed to a "two-substance" (dualism) or "many-substance" (pluralism) view. Both the definition of "physical" and the meaning of physicalism have been debated. Category:Definitions Category:...")
14:40, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Phenomenology (Created page with "'''Phenomenology''' (from Greek "phainómenon", "that which appears" and, lógos "study") is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness. As a philosophical movement it was founded in the early years of the 20th century by Edmund Husserl and was later expanded upon by a circle of his followers at the universities of Göttingen and Munich in Germany . It then spread to France , the United States , and elsewhere, often in contexts...")
10:40, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Phenomenalism (Created page with "'''Phenomenalism''' is the view that physical objects cannot justifiably be said to exist in themselves, but only as perceptual phenomena or sensory stimuli (e.g. redness, hardness, softness, sweetness, etc.) situated in time and in space. In particular, some forms of phenomenalism reduce all talk about physical objects in the external world to talk about bundles of sense data. Category:Definitions Category:Philosophy")
10:37, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Panpsychism (Created page with "'''Panpsychism''' is the view that the mind or a mindlike aspect is a fundamental and ubiquitous feature of reality. It is also described as a theory that "the mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe." It is one of the oldest philosophical theories, and has been ascribed to philosophers including Thales, Plato, Spinoza, Leibniz, William James, Alfred North Whitehead, Bertrand Russell, and Galen Strawson. In the 19th centur...")
10:31, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Theories of religion (Redirected page to Religion) Tag: New redirect
10:29, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Acosmism (Created page with "'''Acosmism''', in contrast to pantheism, denies the reality of the universe, seeing it as ultimately illusory (in Greek meaning negation; like "un-" in English), and only the infinite unmanifest Absolute as real, that we live 8n a "matrix"/or some other type of dream. Conceptual versions of Acosmism are found in eastern and western philosophies. Category:Definitions Category:Religion")
10:24, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Agnosticism (Created page with "'''Agnosticism''' is the view or belief that the existence of God, of the divine or the supernatural is unknown or unknowable. Another definition provided is the view that human reason is incapable of providing sufficient rational grounds to justify either the belief that God exists or the belief that God does not exist. Category:Definitions Category:Religion")
10:21, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Animism (Created page with "'''Animism''' (from Latin: anima, 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. Potentially, animism perceives all things—animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems, human handiwork, and perhaps even words—as animated and alive. Animism is used in the anthropology of religion, as a term for the belief system of many primative peoples, especially in contrast to the relatively more recent de...")
10:15, 13 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Antireligion (Created page with "'''Antireligion''' is opposition to religion.[1][2][3] It involves opposition to organized religion, religious practices or religious institutions. The term antireligion has also been used to describe opposition to specific forms of supernatural worship or practice, whether organized or not. The Soviet Union adopted the political ideology of Marxism–Leninism and by extension the policy of state atheism which opposed the growth of religions. Category:Defi...")
14:34, 12 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Dharma (Created page with "{{Stub}} '''Dharma''' <ref>{{citation|last=Wells|first=John C.|year=2008|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|edition=3rd|publisher=Longman|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref>is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/dharma-religious-concept|title=Dharma|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref> Altho...")
13:09, 12 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Dharmism (Redirected page to Dharma) Tag: New redirect
01:37, 12 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Deism (Created page with "{{Stub}} '''Deism''' (Day-ism, or Dee-isn)<ref>{{cite book |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary |editor=R. E. Allen |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/deist |title=Deist – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |year=2012 |access-date=2012-10-10}}</ref> or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|eɪ|.|ɪ|z|əm}} {{respell|DAY|iz-əm}}; derived from the Social...")
16:55, 10 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page Divine command theory (Created page with "{{Stub}} '''Divine command theory''' (also known as '''theological voluntarism''')<ref>Theological Voluntarism — Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</ref><ref>Not to be confused with medieval theological voluntarism and theological voluntarism as an approach to natural philosophy.</ref> is a meta-ethical theory which proposes that an action's status as morally good is equivalent to whether it is commanded by God. The theory asserts that what is moral is d...")
15:26, 10 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs uploaded File:White2.png
15:26, 10 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page File:White2.png
15:25, 10 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs uploaded File:White1.png
15:25, 10 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page File:White1.png
15:07, 10 January 2023 Bacchus talk contribs created page White people (Created page with "{{Stub}} '''White people''' originated in Iran, and made their way to Northern Europe, The Mediterranean, and India, creating every modern civilization known as they went (Not counting the great Asian Civilizations). All other races remained in the stone age. Fact. White men are responsible for almost everything that is noble, beautiful, and excellent in history, far surpassing the achievements of all the other races. The sheer fact that White men, (particularly M...")

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