Philosophy: Difference between revisions
Line 164: | Line 164: | ||
* [[Interactionism]] | * [[Interactionism]] | ||
* [[Materialism]] | * [[Materialism]] | ||
* | * [[Monism]] | ||
* [[Neutral monism]] | * [[Neutral monism]] | ||
* [[Panpsychism]] | * [[Panpsychism]] |
Revision as of 18:22, 16 December 2022
Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras; others dispute this story, Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge and a practitioner was known as a philosopher. From the time of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to the 19th century, "natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.
Fields
Aesthetical movements
Epistemological stances
- Coherentism
- Constructivist epistemology
- Contextualism
- Embodied cognition
- Empiricism
- Fallibilism
- Foundationalism
- Holism
- Infinitism
- Innatism
- Logical positivism
- Naïve realism
- Naturalized epistemology
- Objectivism
- Phenomenalism
- Positivism
- Reductionism
- Reliabilism
- Representative realism
- Rationalism
- Situated cognition
- Skepticism
- Theory of Forms
- Transcendental idealism
- Uniformitarianism
Ethical theories
- Consequentialism
- Deontology
- Virtue ethics
- Moral realism
- Moral relativism
- National Socialism
- Error theory
- Non-cognitivism
- Ethical egoism
- Cultural relativism
- Cultural Marxism
Logical systems
- Classical logic
- Intermediate logic
- Intuitionistic logic
- Minimal logic
- Relevant logic
- Affine logic
- Linear logic
- Ordered logic
- Dialetheism
Metaphysical stances
- Absurdism
- Anti-realism
- Cartesian dualism
- Free will
- Materialism
- Meaning of life
- Idealism
- Existentialism
- Essentialism
- Libertarianism
- Determinism
- Compatibilism
- Naturalism
- Monism
- Platonic idealism
- Hindu idealism
- Phenomenalism
- Nihilism
- Realism
- Physicalism
- Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality
- Relativism
- Scientific realism
- Solipsism
- Subjectivism
- Substance theory
- Type theory
- Emergentism
- Emanationism
Political philosophies
- Anarchism
- Authoritarianism
- Capitalism
- Conservatism
- Communism
- Fascism
- Francoism
- Italian Fascism
- judeo-Marxism
- Liberalism
- Libertarianism
- National Socialism
- Marxism
- Metaxism
- Rexism
- Shōwa
- Social democracy
- Socialism
Philosophy of language theories and stances
- Causal theory of reference
- Contrast theory of meaning
- Contrastivism
- Conventionalism
- Cratylism
- Deconstruction
- Descriptivist theory of names
- Direct reference theory
- Dramatism
- Expressivism
- Linguistic determinism
- Logical atomism
- Mediated reference theory
- Nominalism
- Non-cognitivism
- Phallogocentrism
- Quietism
- Relevance theory
- Semantic externalism
- Semantic holism
- Structuralism
- Supposition theory
- Symbiosism
- Theological noncognitivism
- Theory of descriptions
- Verification theory
Philosophy of mind theories and stances
- Behaviourism
- Biological naturalism
- Consciousness
- Disjunctivism
- Dualism
- Eliminative materialism
- Emergent materialism
- Enactivism
- Epiphenomenalism
- Functionalism
- Identity theory
- Idealism
- Interactionism
- Materialism
- Monism
- Neutral monism
- Panpsychism
- Phenomenalism
- Phenomenology
- Physicalism
- Property dualism
- Representational theory of mind
- Sense datum theory
- Solipsism
- Substance dualism
- Qualia theory
Philosophy of religion stances
- Theories of religion
- Acosmism
- Agnosticism
- Animism
- Antireligion
- Atheism
- Dharmism
- Deism
- Divine command theory
- Dualistic cosmology
- Esotericism
- Exclusivism
- Existentialism
- Feminist theology
- Fideism
- Fundamentalism
- Gnosticism
- Henotheism
- Humanism
- Inclusivism
- Monism
- Monotheism
- Mysticism
- Naturalism
- New Age
- Nondualism
- Nontheism
- Pandeism
- Pantheism
- Perennialism
- Polytheism
- Process theology
- Spiritualism
- Shamanism
- Taoism
- Theism
- Transcendentalism
Philosophy of science theories and stances
- Confirmation holism
- Coherentism
- Contextualism
- Conventionalism
- Deductive-nomological model
- Determinism
- Empiricism
- Fallibilism
- Foundationalism
- Hypothetico-deductive model
- Infinitism
- Instrumentalism
- Positivism
- Pragmatism
- Rationalism
- Received view of theories
- Reductionism
- Semantic view of theories
- Scientific realism
- Scientism
- Scientific anti-realism
- Skepticism
- Uniformitarianism
- Vitalism