Philosophy: Difference between revisions

From FasciPedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
m (Text replacement - "\[\[Category(.*) of (.*)\]\]" to "")
ย 
(32 intermediate revisions by 3 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Nopic}}__NOTOC__
{{Nopic}}__NOTOC__
'''Philosophy''' is the discipline concerned with questions of how one should live ([[ethics]]); what sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures ([[metaphysics]]); what counts as genuine knowledge ([[epistemology]]); and what are the correct principles of reasoning ([[logic]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Quinton, Anthony; ed. Ted Honderich|title="Philosophy". ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''|date=1996}}</ref> <ref> Will Durant, ''Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers'', Pocket, 1991, ISBN: 0671739166, ISBN-13 978-0671739164. </ref>ย  The word itself is of [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] origin: (''philosophรญa''), a compound of (''phรญlos'': friend, or lover) and (''sophรญa'': wisdom).<ref>"But philosophy has been both the seeking of wisdom and the wisdom sought." {{cite book|title=Dictionary of Philosophy|author=Dagobert D. Runes|publisher=Kessinger Publishing}} ISBN 1428613102</ref><ref>The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.[[theory]] or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe." {{cite book|title=Webster's New World Dictionary|edition=Second College}}</ref>ย  ย 
'''Philosophy''' is the discipline concerned with questions of how one should live ([[ethics]]); what sorts of things exist and what are their essential [[nature]]s ([[metaphysics]]); what counts as genuine knowledge ([[epistemology]]); and what are the correct principles of reasoning ([[logic]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Quinton, Anthony; ed. Ted Honderich|title="Philosophy". ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''|date=1996}}</ref> <ref> Will Durant, ''Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers'', Pocket, 1991, ISBN: 0671739166, ISBN-13 978-0671739164. </ref>ย  The word itself is of [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] origin: (''philosophรญa''), a compound of (''phรญlos'': friend, or lover) and (''sophรญa'': wisdom).<ref>"But philosophy has been both the seeking of wisdom and the wisdom sought." {{cite book|title=Dictionary of Philosophy|author=Dagobert D. Runes|publisher=Kessinger Publishing}} ISBN 1428613102</ref><ref>The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.[[theory]] or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the [[nature]] of the universe." {{cite book|title=Webster's New World Dictionary|edition=Second College}}</ref>ย  ย 


==Range of Field==
==Range of Field==
The field has historically expanded and changed depending upon what kinds of questions were interesting or relevant in a given era, it is generally agreed that philosophy is a method, rather than a set of claims, propositions, or theories. Its investigations are based upon rational thinking, striving to make no unexamined assumptions and no leaps based on faith or pure analogy. Different philosophers have had varied ideas about the nature of reason, and there is also disagreement about the subject matter of philosophy. Some think that philosophy examines the process of inquiry itself. Others, that there are essentially philosophical propositions which it is the task of philosophy to prove.<ref name="Blackburn">{{cite book|title="Philosophy", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy''|author=Blackburn, Simon|date=1994|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title="Emergence of the history of Chinese philosophy", Comparative Approaches to Chinese Philosophy|author=Cua, Anthony S.}}</ref> ย 
The field has historically expanded and changed depending upon what kinds of questions were interesting or relevant in a given era, it is generally agreed that philosophy is a method, rather than a set of claims, propositions, or theories. Its investigations are based upon rational thinking, striving to make no unexamined assumptions and no leaps based on faith or pure analogy. Different philosophers have had varied ideas about the [[nature]] of reason, and there is also disagreement about the subject matter of philosophy. Some think that philosophy examines the process of inquiry itself. Others, that there are essentially philosophical propositions which it is the task of philosophy to prove.<ref name="Blackburn">{{cite book|title="Philosophy", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy''|author=Blackburn, Simon|date=1994|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title="Emergence of the history of Chinese philosophy", Comparative Approaches to Chinese Philosophy|author=Cua, Anthony S.}}</ref> ย 


==Organization==
==Organization==
Line 142: Line 142:
* [[Deconstruction]]
* [[Deconstruction]]
* [[Descriptivist theory of names]]
* [[Descriptivist theory of names]]
* [[Direct reference [[theory]]]]
* [[Direct reference theory]]
* [[Dramatism]]
* [[Dramatism]]
* [[Expressivism]]
* [[Expressivism]]
Line 260: Line 260:
* [[Positivism]]
* [[Positivism]]
* [[Pragmatism]]
* [[Pragmatism]]
* [[Pyrrhonism]]
* [[Rationalism]]
* [[Rationalism]]
* [[Received view of theories]]
* [[Received view of theories]]
Line 321: Line 322:
* [[Categorical imperative]]
* [[Categorical imperative]]
* [[Categorization]]
* [[Categorization]]
* [[Category of being]]
* ย 
* [[Causal adequacy principle]]
* [[Causal adequacy principle]]
* [[Causality]]
* [[Causality]]
Line 360: Line 361:
* [[Desiring-production]]
* [[Desiring-production]]
* [[Dharma]]
* [[Dharma]]
* [[Dhyฤna in Buddhism|Dhyana]]
* [[Dhyฤna in [[Buddhism]]|Dhyana]]
* [[Diksha]]
* [[Diksha]]
* [[Disciplinary institution]]
* [[Disciplinary institution]]
Line 412: Line 413:
* [[Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft]]
* [[Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft]]
* [[Gettier problem]]
* [[Gettier problem]]
* [[Cooperative principle|Cooperative principle (Gricean maxims)]]
* [[Cooperative principle]] (Gricean maxims)


== H ==
== H ==
Line 427: Line 428:
== I ==
== I ==
* [[Idea]]
* [[Idea]]
* [[Ideal (ethics)]]
* [[Ideal]] (ethics)
* [[Ideal speech situation]]
* [[Ideal speech situation]]
* [[Identity (philosophy)|Identity]]
* [[Identity (philosophy)|Identity]]
Line 469: Line 470:
* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Kundalini energy]]
* [[Kundalini energy]]
* [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]]
* [[Kaula]] ([[Hinduism]])
* [[Kalachakra]]
* [[Kalachakra]]
* [[Kฤla (time)|Kala]]
* [[Kฤla (time)|Kala]]
Line 490: Line 491:


== M ==
== M ==
* [[Magnificence (History of ideas)|Magnificence]]
* [[Magnificence]] (History of ideas)
* [[Mansion of Many Apartments]]
* [[Mansion of Many Apartments]]
* [[Mantra]]
* [[Mantra]]
Line 497: Line 498:
* [[Master-slave dialectic]]
* [[Master-slave dialectic]]
* [[Material cause]]
* [[Material cause]]
* [[Matter (philosophy)|Matter]]
* [[Matter]]
* [[Max Scheler's Concept of Ressentiment]]
* [[Max Scheler]]
* [[Maya (illusion)|Maya]]
* [[Maya]] (illusion)
* [[Meaning (existential)|Meaning]]
* [[Meaning]] (existential)
* [[Meaning of life]]
* [[Meaning of life]]
* [[Mental representation]]
* [[Mental representation]]
Line 506: Line 507:
* [[Mimesis]]
* [[Mimesis]]
* [[Mind]]
* [[Mind]]
* [[Minority (philosophy)|Minority]]
* [[Minority]]
* [[Moksha]]
* [[Moksha]]
* [[Molyneux's Problem]]
* [[Molyneux's Problem]]
* [[Moral responsibility]]
* [[Moral responsibility]]
* [[Motion (physics)|Motion]]
* [[Motion]] (physics)
* [[Mundane reason]]
* [[Mundane reason]]


Line 517: Line 518:
* [[Nation]]
* [[Nation]]
* [[Natural and legal rights]]
* [[Natural and legal rights]]
* [[Nature (innate)|Nature]]
* [[Nature]] (innate)
* [[Necessary and sufficient condition]]
* [[Necessary and sufficient condition]]
* [[Negative capability]]
* [[Negative capability]]
* [[Nonmaleficence]]
* [[Nonmaleficence]]
* [[Norm of reciprocity]]
* [[Norm of reciprocity]]
* [[Norm (philosophy)|Norm]]
* [[Norm]] (Philosophy)
* [[Normative science]]
* [[Normative science]]
* [[Notion (philosophy)|Notion]]
* [[Notion]]


== O ==
== O ==
* [[Object (philosophy)|Object]]
* [[Object]]
* [[Objectivity (philosophy)|Objectivity]]
* [[Objectivity]]
* [[Om]]
* [[Om]]
* [[Omphalos hypothesis]]
* [[Omphalos hypothesis]]
Line 536: Line 537:
* [[Panopticon]]
* [[Panopticon]]
* [[Paradox]]
* [[Paradox]]
* [[Passions (philosophy)|Passions]]
* [[Passions]]
* [[Pattern]]
* [[Pattern]]
* [[Peace]]
* [[Peace]]
Line 552: Line 553:
* [[Possible world]]
* [[Possible world]]
* [[Posthegemony]]
* [[Posthegemony]]
* [[Prakriti]]
* [[Purusha]]
* [[Pratyabhijna]]
* [[Presupposition]]
* [[Presupposition]]
* [[Primum non nocere]]
* [[Primum non nocere]]
Line 562: Line 560:
* [[Problem of other minds]]
* [[Problem of other minds]]
* [[Prohairesis]]
* [[Prohairesis]]
* [[Property (philosophy)|Property]]
* [[Property]]
* [[Propositional attitude]]
* [[Propositional attitude]]


== Q ==
== Q ==
* [[Qualia]]
* [[Qualia]]
* [[Quality (philosophy)|Quality]]
* [[Quality]]
* [[Quantity]]
* [[Quantity]]
* [[Quidditas]]
* [[Quidditas]]


== R ==
== R ==
* [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa]]
* [[Rasa]]
* [[Rationality]]
* [[Rationality]]
* [[Real freedom]]
* [[Real freedom]]
* [[Reason]]
* [[Reason]]
* [[Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)|Reciprocity]]
* [[Reciprocity]]
* [[Reference]]
* [[Reference]]
* [[Reform]]
* [[Reform]]
Line 582: Line 580:
* [[Rajas]]
* [[Rajas]]
* [[Raja yoga]]
* [[Raja yoga]]
* [[Ren (Confucianism)|Ren]]
* [[Ren]] ([[Confucianism]])
* [[Right to exist]]
* [[Right to exist]]
* [[Righteousness]]
* [[Righteousness]]
Line 596: Line 594:
* [[Satori]]
* [[Satori]]
* [[Sea of Beauty]]
* [[Sea of Beauty]]
* [[Self (philosophy)|Self]]
* [[Self]]
* [[Self-realization]]
* [[Self-realization]]
* [[Semantics]]
* [[Semantics]]
* [[Sense data]]
* [[Sense data]]
* [[Set (mathematics)|Set]]
* [[Set]] (Mathmatics)
* [[Shabda]]
* [[Shabda]]
* [[Shakti]]
* [[Shakti]]
Line 615: Line 613:
* [[Speculative reason]]
* [[Speculative reason]]
* [[State of nature]]
* [[State of nature]]
* [[Style (visual arts)|Style]]
* [[Style]]
* [[Sub specie aeternitatis]]
* [[Sub specie aeternitatis]]
* [[Subject (philosophy)|Subject]]
* [[Subject]]
* [[Sublime (philosophy)|Sublime]]
* [[Sublime]]
* [[Substance theory]]
* [[Substance theory]]
* [[Substantial form]]
* [[Substantial form]]
* [[Substitution (logic)|Substitution]]
* [[Substitution]] (Logic)
* [[Suffering]]
* [[Suffering]]
* [[Supermind (integral yoga)|Supermind]]
* [[Supermind]]
* [[Superrationality]]
* [[Superrationality]]
* [[Supertask]]
* [[Supertask]]
* [[Symbol (formal)|Symbol]]
* [[Symbol]]
* [[Syntax (logic)|Syntax]]
* [[Syntax]] (Logic)


== T ==
== T ==
* [[Taste (sociology)|Taste]]
* [[Taste|Taste]] (sociology)
* [[Tantra]]
* [[Tantra]]
* [[Telos (philosophy)|Telos]]
* [[Techne]]
* [[Telos]]
* [[The Golden Rule]]
* [[The Golden Rule]]
* [[The saying and the said]]
* [[The saying and the said]]
Line 640: Line 639:
* [[Thrownness]]
* [[Thrownness]]
* [[Thumos]]
* [[Thumos]]
* [[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]]
* [[Tamas]]
* [[Ti (concept)|Ti]]
* [[Ti]] (concept)
* [[Time]]
* [[Time]]
* [[Token]]
* [[Trailokya]] (Triloka)
* [[Trailokya]] (Triloka)
* [[Transcendence (philosophy)|Transcendent]]
* [[Transcendence]]
* [[Transcendental apperception]]
* [[Transcendental apperception]]
* [[Transworld identity]]
* [[Transworld identity]]
* [[Trika]]
* [[Trika]]
* [[Triratna]]
* [[Triratna]]
* [[Trilok (Jainism)]]
* [[Trilok]] ([[Jainism]])
* [[Trust (social sciences)|Trust]]
* [[Trust]]
* [[Truth]]
* [[Truth]]
* [[Truth value]]
* [[Truth value]]
* [[Type (metaphysics)|Type]]
* [[Type]] ([[metaphysics]])


== U ==
== U ==
Line 659: Line 659:
* [[Unity of science]]
* [[Unity of science]]
* [[Unity of the proposition]]
* [[Unity of the proposition]]
* [[Universal (metaphysics)|Universal]]
* [[Universal]]
* [[Universality (philosophy)|Universality]]
* [[Universality]]
* [[Unobservable]]
* [[Unobservable]]
* [[Utility]]
* [[Untermensch]]
* [[Utilitarianism]]


== V ==
== V ==
Line 678: Line 679:


== Y ==
== Y ==
* [[Yi (Confucianism)|Yi]]
* [[Yang]]
* [[Yi]]
* [[Yin]]
* [[Yoga]]
* [[Yoga]]
* [[Yidam]]
* [[Yidam]]
Line 689: Line 692:
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category:Definitions]]
[[Category:Upgradable_definitions]]
[[Category:Upgradable_definitions]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Projects]]

Latest revision as of 16:55, 21 February 2024

Please upload an image and put the file on this page. Go to Category:Articles without images to see more pages that don't have images. If you do not agree that this article needs an image please discuss it on this article's talk page.

Philosophy is the discipline concerned with questions of how one should live (ethics); what sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures (metaphysics); what counts as genuine knowledge (epistemology); and what are the correct principles of reasoning (logic).[1] [2] The word itself is of Greek origin: (philosophรญa), a compound of (phรญlos: friend, or lover) and (sophรญa: wisdom).[3][4]

Range of Field

The field has historically expanded and changed depending upon what kinds of questions were interesting or relevant in a given era, it is generally agreed that philosophy is a method, rather than a set of claims, propositions, or theories. Its investigations are based upon rational thinking, striving to make no unexamined assumptions and no leaps based on faith or pure analogy. Different philosophers have had varied ideas about the nature of reason, and there is also disagreement about the subject matter of philosophy. Some think that philosophy examines the process of inquiry itself. Others, that there are essentially philosophical propositions which it is the task of philosophy to prove.[5][6]

Organization

Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras; others dispute this story, Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge and a practitioner was known as a philosopher. From the time of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to the 19th century, "natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.

By Field

Aesthetical movements

Epistemological stances

Ethical theories

Logical systems

Metaphysical stances

Political philosophies

Philosophy of language theories and stances

Philosophy of mind theories and stances

Philosophy of religion stances

Philosophy of science theories and stances

Alphabetical listing of terms

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

References

  1. โ†‘ Quinton, Anthony; ed. Ted Honderich (1996). "Philosophy". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy.
  2. โ†‘ Will Durant, Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers, Pocket, 1991, ISBN: 0671739166, ISBN-13 978-0671739164.
  3. โ†‘ "But philosophy has been both the seeking of wisdom and the wisdom sought." Dagobert D. Runes. Dictionary of Philosophy Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1428613102
  4. โ†‘ The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe." Webster's New World Dictionary.
  5. โ†‘ Blackburn, Simon (1994). "Philosophy", The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  6. โ†‘ Cua, Anthony S.. "Emergence of the history of Chinese philosophy", Comparative Approaches to Chinese Philosophy.