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'''Philosophy''' is the discipline concerned with questions of how one should live ([[ethics]]); what sorts of things exist and what are their essential [[nature]]s ([[metaphysics]]); what counts as genuine knowledge ([[epistemology]]); and what are the correct principles of reasoning ([[logic]]).<ref>{{cite book|author=Quinton, Anthony; ed. Ted Honderich|title="Philosophy". ''The Oxford Companion to Philosophy''|date=1996}}</ref> <ref> Will Durant, ''Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers'', Pocket, 1991, ISBN: 0671739166, ISBN-13 978-0671739164. </ref>ย  The word itself is of [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] origin: (''philosophรญa''), a compound of (''phรญlos'': friend, or lover) and (''sophรญa'': wisdom).<ref>"But philosophy has been both the seeking of wisdom and the wisdom sought." {{cite book|title=Dictionary of Philosophy|author=Dagobert D. Runes|publisher=Kessinger Publishing}} ISBN 1428613102</ref><ref>The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.[[theory]] or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the [[nature]] of the universe." {{cite book|title=Webster's New World Dictionary|edition=Second College}}</ref>ย 
==Range of Field==
The field has historically expanded and changed depending upon what kinds of questions were interesting or relevant in a given era, it is generally agreed that philosophy is a method, rather than a set of claims, propositions, or theories. Its investigations are based upon rational thinking, striving to make no unexamined assumptions and no leaps based on faith or pure analogy. Different philosophers have had varied ideas about the [[nature]] of reason, and there is also disagreement about the subject matter of philosophy. Some think that philosophy examines the process of inquiry itself. Others, that there are essentially philosophical propositions which it is the task of philosophy to prove.<ref name="Blackburn">{{cite book|title="Philosophy", ''The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy''|author=Blackburn, Simon|date=1994|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title="Emergence of the history of Chinese philosophy", Comparative Approaches to Chinese Philosophy|author=Cua, Anthony S.}}</ref>
==Organization==
Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras; others dispute this story, Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge and a practitioner was known as a philosopher. From the time of [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] philosopher [[Aristotle]] to the 19th century, "natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.
Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras; others dispute this story, Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge and a practitioner was known as a philosopher. From the time of [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] philosopher [[Aristotle]] to the 19th century, "natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.


[[Category:Definitions]]
=By Field=
<div style="column-count:3">
=== Aesthetical movements ===
* [[Symbolism]]
* [[Romanticism]]
* [[Futurism]]
* [[Impressionism]]
* [[Historicism]]
* [[Classicism]]
* [[Modernism]]
* [[Postmodernism]]
* [[Psychoanalytic theory]]
ย 
=== Epistemological stances ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Coherentism]]
* [[Constructivist epistemology]]
* [[Contextualism]]
* [[Embodied cognition]]
* [[Empiricism]]
* [[Fallibilism]]
* [[Foundationalism]]
* [[Holism]]
* [[Infinitism]]
* [[Innatism]]
* [[Logical positivism]]
* [[Naรฏve realism]]
* [[Naturalized epistemology]]
* [[Objectivism]]
* [[Phenomenalism]]
* [[Positivism]]
* [[Reductionism]]
* [[Reliabilism]]
* [[Representative realism]]
* [[Rationalism]]
* [[Situated cognition]]
* [[Skepticism]]
* [[Theory of Forms]]
* [[Transcendental idealism]]
* [[Uniformitarianism]]
{{Div col end}}
ย 
=== Ethical theories ===
* [[Consequentialism]]
* [[Deontological ethics|Deontology]]
* [[Virtue ethics]]
* [[Hedonism]]
* [[Moral realism]]
* [[Moral relativism]]
* [[National Socialism]]
* [[Error theory]]
* [[Non-cognitivism]]
* [[Ethical egoism]]
* [[Nihilism]]
* [[Cultural relativism]]
* [[Cultural Marxism]]
ย 
=== Logical systems ===
* [[Classical logic]]
* [[Intermediate logic]]
* [[Functional logic]]
* [[Intuitionistic logic]]
* [[Minimal logic]]
* [[Relevant logic]]
* [[Affine logic]]
* [[Linear logic]]
* [[Ordered logic]]
* [[Dialetheism]]
* [[Modal Logic]]
* [[Symbolic logic]]
ย 
=== Metaphysical stances ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Absurdism]]
* [[Anti-realism]]
* [[Cartesian dualism]]
* [[Free will]]
* [[Materialism]]
* [[Meaning of life]]
* [[Idealism]]
* [[Existentialism]]
* [[Essentialism]]
* [[Libertarianism]]
* [[Determinism]]
* [[Compatibilism]]
* [[Naturalism]]
* [[Monism]]
* [[Platonic idealism]]
* [[Hindu idealism]]
* [[Phenomenalism]]
* [[Nihilism]]
* [[Philosophical realism|Realism]]
* [[Physicalism]]
* [[Pirsig's metaphysics of Quality]]
* [[Relativism]]
* [[Scientific realism]]
* [[Solipsism]]
* [[Subjectivism]]
* [[Substance theory]]
]]
* [[Type theory]]
*[[Emergentism]]
*[[Emanationism]]
{{Div col end}}
ย 
=== Political philosophies ===
* [[Anarchism]]
* [[Authoritarianism]]
* [[Capitalism]]
* [[Conservatism]]
* [[Communism]]
* [[Fascism]]
* [[Francoism]]
* [[Italian Fascism]]
* [[judeo-Marxism]]
* [[Liberalism]]
* [[Libertarianism]]
* [[National Socialism]]
* [[Marxism]]
* [[Metaxism]]
* [[Rexism]]
* [[Shลwa]]
* [[Social democracy]]
* [[Socialism]]
ย 
=== Philosophy of language theories and stances ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Causal theory of reference]]
* [[Contrast theory of meaning]]
* [[Contrastivism]]
* [[Conventionalism]]
* [[Cratylism]]
* [[Deconstruction]]
* [[Descriptivist theory of names]]
* [[Direct reference theory]]
* [[Dramatism]]
* [[Expressivism]]
* [[Linguistic determinism]]
* [[Logical atomism]]
* [[Mediated reference theory]]
* [[Nominalism]]
* [[Non-cognitivism]]
* [[Phallogocentrism]]
* [[Quietism]]
* [[Relevance theory]]
* [[Semantic externalism]]
* [[Semantic holism]]
* [[Sophism]]
* [[Structuralism]]
* [[Supposition theory]]
* [[Symbiosism]]
* [[Theological noncognitivism]]
* [[Theory of descriptions]]
* [[Verification theory]]
{{Div col end}}
ย 
=== Philosophy of mind theories and stances ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Behaviourism]]
* [[Biological naturalism]]
* [[Consciousness]]
* [[Disjunctivism]]
* [[Dualism]]
* [[Eliminative materialism]]
* [[Emergent materialism]]
* [[Enactivism]]
* [[Epiphenomenalism]]
* [[Functionalism]]
* [[Identity theory]]
* [[Idealism]]
* [[Interactionism]]
* [[Materialism]]
* [[Monism]]
* [[Neutral monism]]
* [[Panpsychism]]
* [[Phenomenalism]]
* [[Phenomenology]]
* [[Physicalism]]
* [[Property dualism]]
* [[Representational theory of mind]]
* [[Sense datum theory]]
* [[Solipsism]]
* [[Substance dualism]]
* [[Qualia theory]]
{{Div col end}}
ย 
=== Philosophy of religion stances ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Theories of religion]]
* [[Acosmism]]
* [[Agnosticism]]
* [[Animism]]
* [[Antireligion]]
* [[Atheism]]
* [[Dharma|Dharmism]]
* [[Deism]]
* [[Divine command theory]]
* [[Dualistic cosmology]]
* [[Esotericism]]
* [[Exclusivism]]
* [[Existentialism]]
** [[Christian existentialism]]
** [[Agnostic existentialism]]
** [[Atheist existentialism]]
* [[Feminist theology]]
* [[Fideism]]
* [[Fundamentalism]]
* [[Gnosticism]]
* [[Henotheism]]
* [[Humanism]]
** [[Religious humanism]]
** [[Secular humanism]]
** [[Christian humanism]]
* [[Inclusivism]]
* [[Monism]]
* [[Monotheism]]
* [[Mysticism]]
* [[Naturalism]]
** [[Metaphysical naturalism]]
** [[Religious naturalism]]
** [[Humanistic naturalism]]
* [[New Age]]
* [[Nondualism]]
* [[Nontheism]]
* [[Pandeism]]
* [[Pantheism]]
* [[Perennialism]]
* [[Polytheism]]
* [[Process theology]]
* [[Spiritualism]]
* [[Shamanism]]
* [[Taoism]]
* [[Theism]]
* [[Transcendentalism]]
{{Div col end}}
ย 
=== Philosophy of science theories and stances ===
{{Div col}}
* [[Confirmation holism]]
* [[Coherentism]]
* [[Contextualism]]
* [[Conventionalism]]
* [[Deductive-nomological model]]
* [[Determinism]]
* [[Empiricism]]
* [[Fallibilism]]
* [[Foundationalism]]
* [[Hypothetico-deductive model]]
* [[Infinitism]]
* [[Instrumentalism]]
* [[Positivism]]
* [[Pragmatism]]
* [[Pyrrhonism]]
* [[Rationalism]]
* [[Received view of theories]]
* [[Reductionism]]
* [[Semantic view of theories]]
* [[Scientific realism]]
* [[Scientism]]
* [[Anti-realism|Scientific anti-realism]]
* [[Skepticism]]
* [[Uniformitarianism (science)|Uniformitarianism]]
* [[Vitalism]]
{{Div col end}}
</div>
ย 
=Alphabetical listing of terms=
<div style="column-count:5">
== A ==
* [[A priori and a posteriori]]
* [[Absolute (philosophy)|Absolute]]
* [[Absolute time and space]]
* [[Abstract and concrete]]
* [[Adiaphora]]
* [[Aesthetic emotions]]
* [[Aesthetic interpretation]]
* [[Agathusia and aschimothusia]]
* [[Alief (belief)|Alief]]
* [[All men are created equal]]
* [[Analytic-synthetic distinction]]
* [[Anthropic principle]]
* [[Antinomy]]
* [[Antinomian]]
* [[Apeiron (cosmology)|Apeiron]]
* [[Arborescent]]
* [[Artha]]
* [[Art manifesto]]
* [[Atman (disambiguation)|Atman]]
* [[Aufheben]]
* [[Autonomy]]
* [[Avant-garde]]
* [[Avatar]]
* [[Avadhuta]]
ย 
== B ==
* [[Beauty]]
* [[Being]]
* [[Belief]]
* [[Binary opposition]]
* [[Biofact (philosophy)|Biofact]]
* [[Body without organs]]
* [[Boredom]]
* [[Brahman]]
* [[Brahmanda]]
* [[Brain in a vat]]
* [[Brute fact]]
ย 
== C ==
* [[Cambridge change]]
* [[Camp (style)|Camp]]
* [[Cartesian Other]]
* [[Cartesian Self]]
* [[Categorical imperative]]
* [[Categorization]]
*
* [[Causal adequacy principle]]
* [[Causality]]
* [[Chakra]]
* [[Charvaka]]
* [[Chaitanya (consciousness)|Chaitanya]]
* [[Choice]]
* [[Civic virtue]]
* [[Class consciousness]]
* [[Class (philosophy)|Class]]
* [[Cogito ergo sum]]
* [[List of cognitive biases|Cognitive bias]]
* [[Cognitive closure (philosophy)|Cognitive closure]]
* [[Commensurability (ethics)|Commensurability]]
* [[Common good]]
* [[Common sense]]
* [[Composition of Causes]]
* [[Compossibility]]
* [[Conatus]]
* [[Concept]]
* [[Condition of possibility]]
* [[Conjecture]]
* [[Conscience]]
* [[Consent]]
* [[Construct (philosophy of science)|Construct]]
* [[Creativity]]
* [[Crazy wisdom]]
* [[Cultural hegemony]]
* [[Cultural sensibility]]
* [[Cuteness]]
ย 
== D ==
* [[Daimonic]]
* [[Darshana]]
* [[De dicto and de re]]
* [[Definition]]
* [[Descriptive knowledge]]
* [[Desiring-production]]
* [[Dharma]]
* [[Dhyฤna in [[Buddhism]]|Dhyana]]
* [[Diksha]]
* [[Disciplinary institution]]
* [[Discourse]]
* [[Disgust]]
* [[Dispositional and occurrent belief]]
* [[Distributive justice]]
* [[Distrust]]
* [[Documentality]]
* [[Dogma]]
* [[Duty]]
* [[Dwelling]]
ย 
== E ==
* [[Ecotechnics]]
* [[Ecstasy (philosophy)|Ecstasy]]
* [[Efficient cause]]
* [[Elegance]]
* [[Embodied cognition]]
* [[Emergence]]
* [[Empirical method]]
* [[Empirical relationship]]
* [[Empirical research]]
* [[Entertainment]]
* [[Non-physical entity|Entity]]
* [[Epistemic injustice]]
* [[Epistemic virtue]]
* [[Epochรฉ]]
* [[Eroticism]]
* [[Essence]]
* [[Eternity]]
* [[Ethics of care]]
* [[Eudaimonia]]
* [[Eupraxis]]
* [[Existence]]
* [[Existential phenomenology]]
* [[Experience]]
ย 
== F ==
* [[Fact]]
* [[Fidelity]]
* [[Final anthropic principle]]
* [[Final cause]]
* [[Formal cause]]
* [[Formal theorem]]
* [[Four causes]]
* [[Free will]]
* [[Friendship]]
ย 
== G ==
* [[Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft]]
* [[Gettier problem]]
* [[Cooperative principle]] (Gricean maxims)
ย 
== H ==
* [[Haecceity]]
* [[Half-truth]]
* [[Happiness]]
* [[Harmony]]
* [[Hate speech]]
* [[Here is a hand]]
* [[Heteronomy]]
* [[History and Class Consciousness]]
* [[Human rights]]
ย 
== I ==
* [[Idea]]
* [[Ideal]] (ethics)
* [[Ideal speech situation]]
* [[Identity (philosophy)|Identity]]
* [[Ideological repression]]
* [[Ideology]]
* [[Ignoramus et ignorabimus]]
* [[Ignorance]]
* [[I know that I know nothing]]
* [[Immanence]]
* [[Immanent critique]]
* [[Implicate and explicate order according to David Bohm]]
* [[Infallibility]]
* [[Inference]]
* [[Infinity (philosophy)|Infinity]]
* [[Information]]
* [[Injustice]]
* [[Innocence]]
* [[Instantiation principle]]
* [[Institutional cruelty]]
* [[Intellectual responsibility]]
* [[Intention]]
* [[Integral philosophy]]
* [[Integral theory (Ken Wilber)|Integral theory]]
* [[Integral yoga]]
* [[Interpellation (philosophy)|Interpellation]]
* [[Intrinsic and extrinsic properties (philosophy)|Intrinsic and extrinsic properties]]
* [[Intuition (knowledge)|Intuition]]
* [[Involution (philosophy)|Involution]]
* [[Ius indigenatus]]
ย 
== J ==
* [[Judgement]]
* [[Jus sanguinis]]
* [[Jus soli]]
* [[Just War]]
* [[Justice]]
ย 
== K ==
* [[Kathekon]]
* [[KK thesis]]
* [[Knowledge]]
* [[Kundalini energy]]
* [[Kaula]] ([[Hinduism]])
* [[Kalachakra]]
* [[Kฤla (time)|Kala]]
* [[Karma]]
* [[Karma yoga]]
ย 
== L ==
* [[Laรฏcitรฉ]]
* [[Last man]]
* [[League of peace]]
* [[Logic]]
* [[Life imitating art]]
* [[Logical consequence]]
* [[Logical constant]]
* [[Logical form]]
* [[Logical truth]]
* [[Logos]]
* [[Love]]
* [[Loyalty]]
ย 
== M ==
* [[Magnificence]] (History of ideas)
* [[Mansion of Many Apartments]]
* [[Mantra]]
* [[Marx's theory of alienation]]
* [[Marx's theory of human nature]]
* [[Master-slave dialectic]]
* [[Material cause]]
* [[Matter]]
* [[Max Scheler]]
* [[Maya]] (illusion)
* [[Meaning]] (existential)
* [[Meaning of life]]
* [[Mental representation]]
* [[Mercy]]
* [[Mimesis]]
* [[Mind]]
* [[Minority]]
* [[Moksha]]
* [[Molyneux's Problem]]
* [[Moral responsibility]]
* [[Motion]] (physics)
* [[Mundane reason]]
ย 
== N ==
* [[Name]]
* [[Nation]]
* [[Natural and legal rights]]
* [[Nature]] (innate)
* [[Necessary and sufficient condition]]
* [[Negative capability]]
* [[Nonmaleficence]]
* [[Norm of reciprocity]]
* [[Norm]] (Philosophy)
* [[Normative science]]
* [[Notion]]
ย 
== O ==
* [[Object]]
* [[Objectivity]]
* [[Om]]
* [[Omphalos hypothesis]]
* [[Ontology]]
ย 
== P ==
* [[Panopticon]]
* [[Paradox]]
* [[Passions]]
* [[Pattern]]
* [[Peace]]
* [[Percept]]
* [[Perception]]
* [[Peripatetic axiom]]
* [[Perpetual peace]]
* [[Philosophical analysis]]
* [[Philosophy of futility]]
* [[Physical body]]
* [[Physis]]
* [[Pneuma]]
* [[Political consciousness]]
* [[Polychotomous key]]
* [[Possible world]]
* [[Posthegemony]]
* [[Presupposition]]
* [[Primum non nocere]]
* [[Principle]]
* [[Principle of double effect]]
* [[Problem of induction]]
* [[Problem of other minds]]
* [[Prohairesis]]
* [[Property]]
* [[Propositional attitude]]
ย 
== Q ==
* [[Qualia]]
* [[Quality]]
* [[Quantity]]
* [[Quidditas]]
ย 
== R ==
* [[Rasa]]
* [[Rationality]]
* [[Real freedom]]
* [[Reason]]
* [[Reciprocity]]
* [[Reference]]
* [[Reform]]
* [[Regress argument]]
* [[Rajas]]
* [[Raja yoga]]
* [[Ren]] ([[Confucianism]])
* [[Right to exist]]
* [[Righteousness]]
* [[Rights]]
* [[Ring of Gyges]]
* [[Rule of Rescue]]
ย 
== S ==
* [[Satchidananda]]
* [[Sattva]]
* [[Sahaja]]
* [[Samarasa]]
* [[Satori]]
* [[Sea of Beauty]]
* [[Self]]
* [[Self-realization]]
* [[Semantics]]
* [[Sense data]]
* [[Set]] (Mathmatics)
* [[Shabda]]
* [[Shakti]]
* [[Sunyata]]
* [[Slippery slope]]
* [[Simulacrum]]
* [[Simulated reality]]
* [[Simulation hypothesis]]
* [[Sittlichkeit]]
* [[Social contract]]
* [[Society]]
* [[Soku hi]]
* [[Sortal]]
* [[Speculative reason]]
* [[State of nature]]
* [[Style]]
* [[Sub specie aeternitatis]]
* [[Subject]]
* [[Sublime]]
* [[Substance theory]]
* [[Substantial form]]
* [[Substitution]] (Logic)
* [[Suffering]]
* [[Supermind]]
* [[Superrationality]]
* [[Supertask]]
* [[Symbol]]
* [[Syntax]] (Logic)
ย 
== T ==
* [[Taste|Taste]] (sociology)
* [[Tantra]]
* [[Techne]]
* [[Telos]]
* [[The Golden Rule]]
* [[The saying and the said]]
* [[Theorem]]
* [[Theory of justification]]
* [[Thought]]
* [[Thrownness]]
* [[Thumos]]
* [[Tamas]]
* [[Ti]] (concept)
* [[Time]]
* [[Token]]
* [[Trailokya]] (Triloka)
* [[Transcendence]]
* [[Transcendental apperception]]
* [[Transworld identity]]
* [[Trika]]
* [[Triratna]]
* [[Trilok]] ([[Jainism]])
* [[Trust]]
* [[Truth]]
* [[Truth value]]
* [[Type]] ([[metaphysics]])
ย 
== U ==
* [[รœbermensch]]
* [[Unity of science]]
* [[Unity of the proposition]]
* [[Universal]]
* [[Universality]]
* [[Unobservable]]
* [[Untermensch]]
* [[Utilitarianism]]
ย 
== V ==
* [[Validity]]
* [[Value]]
* [[Vamachara]]
* [[Vajrayana]]
* [[Virtual]]
* [[Virtue]]
ย 
== W ==
* [[Well-founded phenomenon]]
* [[Work of art]]
* [[Wrong]]
ย 
== Y ==
* [[Yang]]
* [[Yi]]
* [[Yin]]
* [[Yoga]]
* [[Yidam]]
ย 
== Z ==
* [[Zeitgeist]]
</div>
ย 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
ย 
[[Category:Upgradable_definitions]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Projects]]

Latest revision as of 16:55, 21 February 2024

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Philosophy is the discipline concerned with questions of how one should live (ethics); what sorts of things exist and what are their essential natures (metaphysics); what counts as genuine knowledge (epistemology); and what are the correct principles of reasoning (logic).[1] [2] The word itself is of Greek origin: (philosophรญa), a compound of (phรญlos: friend, or lover) and (sophรญa: wisdom).[3][4]

Range of Field

The field has historically expanded and changed depending upon what kinds of questions were interesting or relevant in a given era, it is generally agreed that philosophy is a method, rather than a set of claims, propositions, or theories. Its investigations are based upon rational thinking, striving to make no unexamined assumptions and no leaps based on faith or pure analogy. Different philosophers have had varied ideas about the nature of reason, and there is also disagreement about the subject matter of philosophy. Some think that philosophy examines the process of inquiry itself. Others, that there are essentially philosophical propositions which it is the task of philosophy to prove.[5][6]

Organization

Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some sources claim the term was coined by Pythagoras; others dispute this story, Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge and a practitioner was known as a philosopher. From the time of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to the 19th century, "natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics. For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later became classified as a book of physics. In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.

By Field

Aesthetical movements

Epistemological stances

Ethical theories

Logical systems

Metaphysical stances

Political philosophies

Philosophy of language theories and stances

Philosophy of mind theories and stances

Philosophy of religion stances

Philosophy of science theories and stances

Alphabetical listing of terms

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y

Z

References

  1. โ†‘ Quinton, Anthony; ed. Ted Honderich (1996). "Philosophy". The Oxford Companion to Philosophy.
  2. โ†‘ Will Durant, Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers, Pocket, 1991, ISBN: 0671739166, ISBN-13 978-0671739164.
  3. โ†‘ "But philosophy has been both the seeking of wisdom and the wisdom sought." Dagobert D. Runes. Dictionary of Philosophy Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1428613102
  4. โ†‘ The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe." Webster's New World Dictionary.
  5. โ†‘ Blackburn, Simon (1994). "Philosophy", The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  6. โ†‘ Cua, Anthony S.. "Emergence of the history of Chinese philosophy", Comparative Approaches to Chinese Philosophy.
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